The article considers the ratio of the leading agricultural sectors in the economic structure of Moldavian cities in the period from the end of the 16th century to the beginning of the 18th century. The study attempts to systematise the available historical material (various sources of that era) based on the mathematical method and mathematical modelling tools. The results of the study confirm the well-established facts that agricultural and trade and handicraft activities were basic in the urban economic infrastructure and were closely interconnected. The dominance of the agrarian factor in urban life and the semi-agrarian nature of the towns of the Principality of Moldavia contributed to significant functional changes in the evolution of the economic infrastructure of towns and cities, the formation of the urban market, trade and market relations, craft formations, and so on for the following centuries.
Urban farming is rapidly growing in many cities in Nigeria including a leading African megacity Lagos, although urban stakeholders have paid little attention to the trend over time. The rate of growth of urban farming and its contributions to Lagos state's food supply strategy is worthy of note. In Lagos farming activities are practiced and performed by some able bodied migrants from all parts of the country, who for many reasons could hardly have been absolved by the aggressive urban economy of the city. A close watch on the practitioners reveals a pattern of operation which requires deeper inquiry. A total of 202 urban vegetable farmers were interviewed in four areas of Lagos state to provide primary data for this study. Results from the study showed that an average farmer owns a farm plot of below 120 m by 60 m usually linear and along the expressway, the green vegetable (Celosia argientes) alone constitutes about 97% of what is grown, beds are arranged in sizes of about 1.8 m long by 0.9 m wide and 0.3 m high with furrows in between. The farmers use the simplest local tools, chemical fertilizers, and strategically located irrigation wells. It was also found that the farmers use some part of the vegetables for household consumption, sell others to the local marketers, and contribute their own quota to stem the rising prices of vegetable produce in the local markets. It is therefore imperative on the stakeholders to re-examine the relevance of urban farming in the city and provide support for its growth.
The paper discusses issues addressed in the Warsaw Local Centers programme delivered by the capital city of Warsaw using Praga-Poludnie district as a case study. By adopting urban planning, management, and investment measures, the programme intends to strengthen the role of local centers as hubs of social and economic activities. The authors examine possibilities and scope of public administration activities dictated by the land ownership structure, planning competence, and operations in the field of public order and provision of information to inhabitants at the local level. The study was conducted for 15 locations for which we identified limited operating possibilities of the public administration as most property in the area remains in private hands. Advancement in planning has been identified for local centers covered by the study, together with the type and access to information; overall cleanliness (or traces of vandalism) of the neighborhood were analyzed as important indicators of security and safety. Conclusions highlight the need of inter-sectoral cooperation for the successful accomplishment of objectives set out in the Warsaw Local Centers programme.
PL
Artykuł prezentuje zagadnienia programu Warszawskich Centrów Lokalnych, realizowanego przez m.st. Warszawę na przykładzie dzielnicy Praga-Południe. Program ma na celu wzmocnienie, poprzez działania planistyczne, zarządcze i inwestycyjne, roli lokalnych ośrodków aktywności gospodarczej i społecznej. Autorki analizują możliwości i zakres działania administracji publicznej, wynikający ze struktury własności terenów, władztwa planistycznego oraz działań związanych z zapewnieniem po-rządku i informacji na poziomie lokalnym, na potrzeby mieszkańców. W badaniu przeanalizowano 15 lokalizacji i wskazano na ograniczone możliwości działania, wynikające z braku własności przeważającej części nieruchomości. Określono stan planistyczny badanych centrów lokalnych, rodzaj i dostęp do informacji, a także wskazano na stan porządku (lub śladów wandalizmu) jako ważny czynnik poczucia bezpieczeństwa. We wnioskach wskazano na potrzebę współpracy mię- dzysektorowej dla realizacji celów założonych w programie Warszawskich Centrów Lokalnych.
The last quarter of the eighteenth century was a time of substantial reforms of the political system in Galicia. The most important of these concerned, among other matters, the legal position of the peasantry, nobility and clergy, the organisation of the administrative and fiscal apparatus, and, above all, the tax collection system. These reforms initiated a process of more profound changes that covered many areas of social, political, and economic life. They also impacted towns which, after several decades, reduced the number of settlements officially recognised as cities or towns.
PL
Ostatnie ćwierćwiecze XVIII w. to w dziejach Galicji czas intensywnych reform ustrojowych. Najważniejsze z nich dotyczyły m.in. prawnego położenia ludności chłopskiej, szlachty i duchowieństwa, organizacji aparatu administracyjnego i skarbowego, a przede wszystkim systemu poboru podatków. Reformy te zapoczątkowały proces głębszych zmian, które objęły wiele dziedzin życia społecznego, politycznego i gospodarczego. Wpłynęły one także na miasta, co po kilkudziesięciu latach doprowadziło do ograniczenia liczby miejscowości oficjalnie uznawanych za miasta lub miasteczka.
The 1905 Revolution was the great socio-political phenomenon which can be interpreted in many different ways. One of the most important aspects of the 1905 Revolution is its urban character. Especially in Russian Poland, the Western frontier of the Empire, the Revolution was the crucial point in the development of modern public spheres. It was also the time when relations between different social actors were reshaped in the new way. By using sources like press and memoirs the author examines the 1905 Revolution in the Kingdom of Poland as the urban revolution. Then, he analyzes how the feeling of agency between the members of the Polish urban intelligentsia that emerged during that time and made urban issues much more important in the public discourse. Finally, the author lists the political threats and system limitations that people who wanted to reform cities had to face.
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