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1
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Demographic revitalization of belarusian towns in the XXI century

100%
Antipova E., Fakeyeva L.
Problemy Rozwoju Miast
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2013
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issue 1
113-122
EN
The modern dynamics of the urban population of Belarus differs from the total population dynamics trend. The total population size of Belarus decreased from 10.1 to 9.5 million or 6%, in the period from 1989 to 2009 years. The urban population increased from 6.2 to 6.7 million, or 8.2% in the same space of time. Groups of towns by population size differ in the character of population dynamics. Population growth is typical for small towns, because of administrative reforms – some urban-type settlements get status of town. The population of small towns has increased by 17.5% during the period of 1989-2009 years, large and medium cities – by 7% an average. Natural movement indicators of the urban population of Belar us have significant differentiation between classes of towns by population size. During the period of 1989-2009 years the highest birth and mortality rates were established in the small towns. The highest birth and the lowest mortality rates are typical for large cities. Higher values of fertility rates in large cities determines by higher level of socio-economic development and the continued migration to cities the XXI century. The higher fertility rates in small towns are due to two factors: the state-support of small business in this group of settlements and attracting young professionals to new enterprises in small towns. Natural increase of population is manifested in all classes of towns in Belarus during the period 1989-2010 years. The highest rates of natural increase are typical for large cities with population size over 100 thousand people. In general, the demographic revitalization is obtained in 46% of towns in Belarus. This process is based on the factors of natural and migratory population movement. Population is growing due to natural increase and migration inflow with an absolute predominance in the structure of migratory factor in every fifth town (21%). In 17 towns (15%) population is increasing due to the predominance of one positive factor with negative value of the second (Natural increase > Migratory outflow, Natural decrease < Migratory inflow). Population decline with the dominant role of migratory losses is typical for 64% of towns in Belarus (mainly small and medium).
2
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Exploring the social interest in agritourism among the urban population of Kazakhstan

100%
Shaken A., Mika M., Plokhikh R.
Miscellanea Geographica. Regional Studies on Development
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2020
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vol. 24
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issue 1
16-23
EN
The article examines the issues surrounding tourist activity and social interest in agritourism among residents of the main cities in Kazakhstan. Based on the survey results among a group of n = 577 respondents, the article inspected the extent of their participation in rural tourism, including agritourism, as well as their preferences and expectations regarding the type and extent of services offered on tourist farms. Research results show that the interest of city residents in using agritourism farm services is limited despite of a generally positive attitude towards rural tourism. Potential tourists’ expectations of agritourism farm services focus primarily on the quality of accommodations and the sanitary conditions present in the facilities providing them. Domestic tourists especially expect to be able to take advantage of natural products with medicinal and cosmetic properties. They view active forms of leisure as a mere supplement. The respondents’ opinions and assessments can determine the ways agritourism farms adapt to this clientele as well as impact organisational decisions and strategic planning of rural tourism in the country.
3
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Przeliczniki demograficzne w szacunkach zaludnienia miast w Królestwie Polskim w drugiej połowie XVI wieku

100%
Guzowski P., Poniat R.
Przeszłość Demograficzna Polski
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2015
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vol. 37
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issue 2
77-93
EN
The article presents the methods of computing the size of urban population in the Kingdom of Poland in the second half of the 16th century. As there are no sources such as censuses the assessments of the population have had to be carried out on the basis of indirect sources, which cannot be precise. The most popular method of computing the size of urban population consists in counting the buildings situated in the town in question, which had been registered in inventory or tax sources. The authors analysing the date of the whole early modern period, especially the 18th-century Austrian registers have come to the conclusion that the value of the conversion factor should be related to the type of buildings. In the case of most Polish towns dominated by wooden buildings the conversion factor should be six people per one house. If we have the information on the number of houses, the calculations of the size of population should be carried out on the basis of the data contained in the land tax collection registers, which register the number of urban mansi and the heads of households of the population composed of craftsmen, tradesmen and landless tenants.
4
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The dynamics of sex-age structure of the population in urban and rural areas in the Republic of Kazakhstan in the years 1991-2013

88%
Nyussupova G., Kalimurzina A.
Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series
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2016
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vol. 31
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issue 31
87-111
EN
In this article we discuss and analyse changes in the sex-age structure of both the urban and the rural population of the Republic of Kazakhstan since independence (1991) and until 2013. Spatial analysis by age and sex was carried out for the urban and rural population of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The article focuses on the population of Astana and Almaty as cities of “republican subordination”. The aim of this article is to study and analyse the sex-age structure of the total population taking the urban and rural population from 1991 to 2013 separately. For comparison and analysis of statistical data in the dynamics, the data by sex and age of the urban and rural population for 1991, 2001 and 2011 were examined. Thus changes over 10 years are considered. The age groups for which the data were collected were based on differentiation of the population by economic status: pre-working (0-14 years), working (15-64), and post-working age (over 65 years).
5
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Bulgarian Urban Settlements in the Early 21stCentury

88%
Ilieva M., Iliev I.
Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series
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2010
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vol. 13
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issue 13
113-126
EN
The article presents the main changes in Bulgarian urban settlements during the last two decades and the present-day situation and processes of their development. A pronounced tendency towards a decrease in the urban population in Bulgaria can be observed in this period, which is closely related to the continuing drop in the total number of the country's population. A comparison with earlier periods shows that there is a greater concentration of population in the cities and middle-sized towns. The processes of transformation in Bulgarian urban settlements are similar to those in the other Central and East-European countries in transition. The economic transformations and the changes in the urban economy affected the urban territorial structure. The last two decades have witnessed considerable changes in the spatial pattern of the complex systems links established between the settlements as well as between the settlements, gravitating to the cities or agglomerations. The regional policy, which has been implemented for the past two decades, aims to consolidate the importance of Bulgarian urban settlements (over 20 thousand inhabitants) and agglomerations in regional development.
6
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Przeszłość przeliczników demograficznych dla szesnastowiecznych źródeł podatkowych

75%
Boroda K.
Przeszłość Demograficzna Polski
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2015
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vol. 37
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issue 2
27-52
EN
The article presents the demographic conversion factors that have been used for a hundred years in the research on Poland’s population of the second half of the 16th century. The forerunner of research in that sphere and the editor of basic sources was Adolf Pawiński; his proposal for the conversion factors was criticised by many researchers, among others Włodzimierz Czerkawski, Witold Kula, Irena Gieysztorowa. After a hundred-year discussion it may be said that «Źródła Dziejowe» and the method of computing urban populations used by Pawiński are not the recommended tools; similarly, demographic conversion factors for rural populations should be modified or specified.
7
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Rural development in the context of European integration of Ukraine

63%
Furdychko O., Gnativ N.
Zagadnienia Ekonomiki Rolnej
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2015
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issue 3(344)
101-111
EN
The paper describes the key aspects of rural development in Ukraine. Attention is focused on the interpretation of a concept of “rural areas” as an object of scientific research on economy of nature management and envir-onment protection. It substantiates the importance of Ukraine’s transition to the sustainable rural development concept. The paper also characterises the advantages and disadvantages of basic components of sustainable rural development: economic, social and ecological. The fundamental problems and factors of present-day unsatisfactory condition of rural development in Ukraine are presented. The usefulness of providing into the following research the normative and legal factors in order to improve state administrative system and management is proved. Prospective directions of Ukrainian government support for sustainable rural development are suggested. European experience of sustainable rural development and possibility of its application in Ukraine is discussed.
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