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EN
The space of Italian cities in the Middle Ages has been submitted to multidimensional analyses based on grand collections of written records among others. The set of sources concerning these centres is reach enough to learn about their’ space and also to come up with various theses referring to their operation system, what enables extending their definitions as well as making them more detailed. A humble resource of data concerning foundation of Lower Silesian towns – e.g. Świdnica – we have at our disposal, is not the limit when we want to make an attempt at carrying out similar analyses. Despite the fact that the preserved written records for Świdnica are smaller in their number and they differ from the Italian resources, they still make up a basis for extending our knowledge on historic city planning, if completed with other groups of sources (including results of archaeological-architectural research, iconographic and cartographic sources). By doing so, the way of operating of mediaeval space of Świdnica, comprehended in a material category as a system of streets and squares, tenements and building plots, should become only one of dimensions of discovering this city. The paper takes up an idea introduced by Jacques Rancière. Following it, the records from Świdnica city books are treated as tools of the authorities interference in the city space, in other words they reveal political actions with an aesthetic overtone. It allows us to pose a question not only about a look of the city space but also about the relations between the city authorities and its space, and between the city authorities and its abstract idea. This approach seems to reach beyond a physical and material dimension of historic city planning. It also allows us to complete the following complex phenomena and ideas: a mediaeval city, a city community and the relations between subjects co-creating this community, it also improves our understanding of a city as a work of art.
EN
The aim of the article is to examine the process of spatial development in Oviedo in the Middle Ages, with a particular focus on the formation of urban squares. Oviedo is – in terms of Spanish urbanism – a special example, as it belongs to one of the first cities built on raw roots. During the Middle Ages it was an important administrative, religious and political center. Until 910 it served as the capital of the Kingdom of Asturias, and although it later lost this status to León, by the end of the thirteenth century, it was indeed a fully developed and important city. Like Santiago de Compostela, Oviedo had a strong sacred character, which in turn determined its spatial organization. As far as the spatial development is concerned, a well-thought-out spatial concept developed in the Middle Ages, which, although partially modified, has been preserved until today, deserves special attention. It is particularly interesting to look at open spaces and the process of their formation and transformation. These squares still function today in the same places.
EN
The article analyzes the process of shaping Santiago de Compostela in the Middle Ages, with particular emphasis on the formation of city squares. This city is a special case in the history of Spanish urban planning because it was built ex novo, which means that there are no layers of Roman or Arab buildings in it. Moreover, the layout of the historic center, determined at that time, has survived to our times without major changes. The role of squares in the structure of Santiago de Compostela is no less important. From the very beginning of the formation of the spatial structure, they were an inseparable element of the urban space, performing multiple functions. To this day, they define urban identity. Their number, size and importance emphasize the uniqueness of architectural objects, the history of the place and the center itself. The article describes the formation of city squares in Santiago, emphasizes their specificity, as well as the aspect of their formal and functional continuity. Historical, iconographic and cartographic sources were used in the research.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przyjrzenie się procesowi kształtowania Santiago de Compostela w średniowieczu ze zwróceniem szczególnej uwagi na formowanie się placów miejskich[1]. Analizowane miasto stanowi szczególny przypadek w historii urbanistyki hiszpańskiej, ponieważ powstało ex novo, co oznacza, że nie występują w nim warstwy zabudowy rzymskiej, czy arabskiej. Ponadto wyznaczony w tamtym okresie układ historycznego centrum dotrwał do naszych czasów bez większych zmian. Nie mniej istotna jest rola placów w strukturze Santiago Compostela. Od samego początku, czyli pojawiania się pierwszego obiektu sakralnego z relikwiami, stanowiły one nieodłączny element przestrzeni miejskiej pełniąc wielorakie funkcje. Do dzisiaj definiują miejską tożsamość. Ich ilość, wielkość oraz znaczenie podkreślają wyjątkowość obiektów architektonicznych, historii miejsca, a także samego centrum. Spojrzenie na genezę formowania placów miejskich we wspomnianym ośrodku hiszpańskim, dostrzeżenie ich specyfiki, a także dynamiki kształtowania a następnie zwrócenie uwagi na ciągłość formalno-funkcjonalną świadczącą o ich ponadczasowości może przyczynić się do lepszego zrozumienia współczesnej przestrzeni publicznej, stanowiącej od wieków integralny element życia mieszkańców miast.
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