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EN
The problem of charging interest has been discussed since the time of Aristotle. It was condemned in the Christian religion in the Middle Ages. Only when the interest was specified as a payment for productive capital was it considered that the borrower, enriched by the money lent, should let the lender benefit in accordance with the principle of fairness. The borrower should share the profit with the lender, and from this moment the percentage is no longer something shameful and neglected. Religious beliefs and accepted moral values have changed over time, adapting to the circumstances, so has the approach to collecting interest from the capital lent. However, there is still a great deal of criticism of excessive interest rates. The purpose of this paper is to present a discussion related to the charging of interest presented in the tradition of economics and also to show some aspects of the problem in relation to the present times, such as excessive debt and responsible lending.
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Liquidity Management Practices in Islamic Banking

80%
Zarządzanie i Finanse
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2013
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vol. 2
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issue 1
566-576
EN
In the last few decades the increasing significance of Islamic banking has been observed. A distinctive feature of Islamic banks is the obligation to conduct operations in accordance with principles of sharia, which is the religious law of Muslims. The prohibition of usury (arab. riba), understood as any sort of increase over the principal amount, is considered to be the most fundamental sharia principle that Islamic banks must follow. As a result transactions conducted by Islamic banks cannot be based on interest. This principle applies also to money market operations which are essential for managing the bank’s liquidity. Islamic banks create their own instruments such as commodity murabaha or ijara sukuk to manage liquidity risk. Those instruments, however, have many drawbacks. First of all, they are hardly traded in the secondary market. Secondly, they are not universally approved by Islamic scholars which results in inability to trade them across the countries.
EN
Charity, the core of the Gospel ethos, became one of the founding ideas of European civilization and distinguished it from others. In Polish territories, as in other Western European countries, charity work was conducted primarily by the Church, which together with its sense of Gospel duty, defended the weak by concerning itself with economic development. For this purpose, charitable credit institutions, so-called mounts of piety (montes pietatis), were established. They were continued by reformers, in a somewhat changed form, until the decline of the Polish Commonwealth (Republic). The most original institution of this kind was Rev. Stanisław Staszic’s foundation: the Hrubieszów Agricultural Society, which survived until the days of the Polish People’s Republic.
EN
The main aim of this article is to analyze the efficiency of limitation interest regulation with particular reference to foreign currency loans. The article contains considering on consumer rights in this area. The paper is comparing models of limiting interest appearing in other European countries and in the world, as well as characterize of the phenomenon of limiting the usury were described. The article is aimed at an evaluation whether accepted regulations in the sufficing way are protecting the consumer, showing possible problems and other solutions which will enhance the position of the consumer on the market of financial services.
EN
Access to basic financial services is one of the factors that determine people’s participation in social and economic life. Citizens excluded from the banking sector are looking to alternative sources to satisfy their financial needs. Money is supplied by payday loan providers which offer usurious short term loans at prices many times higher than bank prices. The aim of the article is to deal with the following research question: Is the payday lending market winning the short-term loans competition with the banking sector and if yes, why is it so despite the incomparably higher total costs of payday loans? The following research hypothesis was verified in the study: the low level of financial awareness and the lack of supervision over payday loan companies in Poland contributes to usurious exploitation of the people excluded by banks, which results in a debt spiral for a considerable segment of the customers.
EN
The subject of this paper is legislation against war usury in the early interwar period. There is no wide analysis of this topic in existing legal literature. This article is multifaceted – it is based on administrative regulations as well as on penal rules. Regulation in the field of war usury consisted of several types of illegal acts and basic rules of a particular procedure which was supplementary to common penal procedures. For a more complete overview of the main problem the author presents sentences handed down in court decisions and opinions of legal scholars. During the rebirth of the Republic of Poland matters of speculation, defined as “war usury,” were one of the most controversial legal problems. Shortages of scarce goods were causing anxiety in Polish society. At the time uncontrolled trade in scarce goods could result in economic turmoil and serious social unrest. Regulations in both the decree of December 5, 1918 and in the Act of July 2, 1920 were clearly edited and thus caused few difficulties in interpretation. However, since there were three different criminal procedure systems in force in Poland at the beginning of the twenties, application of procedural regulations was frequently problematic. The most difficult problem of interpretation was directly connected to imprecision of legal terms, including the term “war usury.” Scientific analysis of the problem should lead to more accurate knowledge of the interwar Polish legal system and will be a contribution to comparative study in contemporary Polish regulations.
EN
The next (28) part of the Cooperative Thought Library is once again dedicated to pious banks (Montes Pietatis) and the circumstances of their birth, especially in the fifteenth century by the Franciscan monks, realizing this way the Christian principle of charity and outreach in practice. We publish a translation of excerpts of the P. Heribert Holzapfel’s book, entitled The beginnings of the pious banks (1462 - 1515) published in Munich in 1903, [original title: P. Heribert Holzapfel, Die Anfang der piety Montes (1462 - 1515), Munchen 1903]. In this issue, we remind the contents of Chapters III and IV of the Holzapfel’s book.
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EN
The problem of usury has been discussed in this article. It was a condemned form of gaining profit in the European tradition. The source of such approach is found in the Biblical trafition which expressly banned lending money on interest. That moral guideline contained in the Bible was followed both in Islam as well as Christianity. It was not a pracice that was excluded from theological discussions, especially that there always appered some cases of abuse. The theological interpretation of authority figures, the Sobor rulings and the Popes’ teachings are all crucial in this matter. The teaching on usury has not changed, but the moral ecaluation of the loans granted on the so-called interest evolved. In the modern times the real and just criteria of charging fees for lending money have been formulated. This problem is especially crucial and current since in the modern practice of chasing the maximum profit, in the situation of ruthless competition, the economic crisis, as well as the vision of the downfall of the bank, there exists a real danger of the emergence of usury. The practices of money trading are not excludes from moral evaluation
EN
This article provides a comparative analysis of the attitudes of three major monotheistic religions – Judaism, Christianity and Islam – to the practice of usury and looks at why these attitudes developed in different ways. Each of the parts presents the opinions of one of the religious systems, analysing the Old and New Testaments, as well as the Koran, by looking at the duties that the Holy Scriptures required of their followers. The first part is devoted to Judaism. According to this model, the moral value of usury was dependent on the ethnic and religious origins of the borrower probably because of special historical and cultural associations between the idea of money and the Jewish people. The second part is concerned with usury in Christian religion, presenting the attitude expressed in the Gospel, as well as later comments of Fathers of the Church, in order to put the change in moral attitudes to usury in its historical context. Finally, the article presents the point of view of Islam devoting particular attention to the historical reasons for the development of its specific attitude to usury, but also outlining contemporary solutions adopted in the present-day Islamic world.
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EN
The concept of Islamic economics as a coherent economic and financial system basically does not exist. Some authors take it, however, for simplicity, under-standing by this description any entities and legal regulations, mainly in the financial markets, driven – either declaratively or in fact – on the principles derived from religious precepts of Islam. The emphasis is put on so-called inter-est-free banking, which involves the concept of usury (riba). By referring to the essence of Islamic economics, the author shows the dif-ferences and similarities between "interest-free" Islamic banking and conven-tional banking (Western-style). It turns out that the differences are almost exclu-sively at the level of declarations and similarities that arise from attempts to circumvent religious regulations, as in the riba, are much more numerous than it might seem. They result from the need to fuse Islamic finances with global fi-nancial markets, which at least at the point of contact eliminates the capability of maintaining the autonomy of the local banking system. In addition, interest-free Islamic banking development meets an obstacle in the shape of the market pres-ence of conventional banks, which are its natural ideological competition. Thus, although the Islamic Development Bank estimates the size of the market of the Islamic system of financial services in 2015 at between 2 to 8 trillion dollars, one seems to be entitled to conclude that, in practice, between Islamic economics and capitalist economies of the West, at least in terms of banking services, the dif-ferences are purely semantic, and both Western and Islamic deposit, credit and investment products are in fact identical.
EN
The next (27) part of the Cooperative Thought Library is dedicated to pious banks (Montes Pietatis) and the circumstances of their birth, especially in the fifteenth century by the Franciscan monks, realizing this way the Christian principle of charity and outreach in practice. We publish a translation of excerpts of the P. Heribert Holzapfel’s book, entitled The Beginnings of the pious banks (1462 - 1515) published in Munich in 1903, [original title: P. Heribert Holzapfel, Die Anfang der piety Montes (1462 - 1515), Munchen 1903]. In this issue, we remind the contents of Chapters I and II, in the next issue of the quarterly we will publish excerpts of Chapters III and IV of the Holzapfel’s book.
EN
Contracts bearing the imprint of usury are the subject of interest to both Polish and American criminal law. Because of differentiation of these legal systems, this interest covers various aspects. The main aim of the article is to examine Polish and American legislation and to underline such assumptions from the United States criminal law system, which could be successfully transferred into the Polish criminal law.
PL
Umowy noszące znamiona lichwy stanowią przedmiot zainteresowania zarówno polskiego, jak i amerykańskiego prawa karnego. Z uwagi na zróżnicowanie tych systemów prawnych zainteresowanie to obejmuje różne aspekty. Zasadniczym celem artykułu jest zbadanie polskiego i amerykańskiego ustawodawstwa oraz wyodrębnienie takich założeń z systemu prawa karnego Stanów Zjednoczonych, jakie mogłyby zostać z powodzeniem recypowane na grunt polskiego prawa karnego.
PL
Moralne potępienie lichwy znajduje swoje odzwierciedlenie w ustawodawstwach niektórych państw Unii Europejskiej. W ramach regulacji prawa prywatnego tych państw możliwe jest wyróżnienie dwóch zasadniczych modeli ustalania maksymalnej wysokości odsetek: modelu francuskiego i modelu niemieckiego. Ponadto w państwach tych obowiązują również regulacje prawa karnego, w świetle których lichwa stanowi przestępstwo. W Polsce, zawarte w Kodeksie cywilnym regulacje dotyczące maksymalnej wysokości odsetek ulegały zmianom na przestrzeni lat. Ostatnią dokonaną zmianą jest dodanie do tego aktu prawnego przepisów bezpośrednio odnoszących się do kwestii ograniczenia wysokości możliwych do zastrzeżenia w umowie odsetek za opóźnienie w spełnieniu świadczenia pieniężnego.
EN
Moral condemnation of usury is reflected in the laws of some countries of the European Union. In the framework of the rules of private law of these countries, it is possible to distinguish two basic models for determining the maximum amount of interest: the French model and the German model. Moreover, in these countries also apply rules of criminal law according to which usury is a crime. In Poland regulations contained in the Civil Code regarding the maximum amount of interest have changed over the years. The last amendment adds to the Civil Code the provisions directly related to the issue of restricting in contract an excessive height of interest for delay in meeting the cash benefit.
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PL
The subject of the article is presenting the assessment of currently applicable statutory limits, aimed at limiting the interest and non-interest costs of consumer loans against the background of the evolution of the approach to remuneration from capital (usury). Religious, ethical, legal and economic arguments about usury were raised. The analysis shows that in the conditions of high institutional differentiation of the credit-loan sector in Poland, the impact of fees limits is diverse and multidimensional. Evaluation of the impact of regulation can be formulated in the aspect of exploitation, excessive debt, financial exclusion and general social well-being. The conclusions indicate that the statutory limitations of consumer credit costs have negative side effects in many respects. They cause, among others, the limiting of access to short-term low-value loans for the weakest consumers and the development of the gray market. Therefore, despite the noble premises of the legislator, it is more effective to reduce the price of credit and improve the general well-being by supporting the supply side of the market by limiting the risk of running a business and developing competition. The article was based on the study of the subject literature and the analysis of legal provisions regarding the maximum interest and non-interest costs of consumer loans.
EN
Przedmiotem artykułu jest przedstawienie i ocena obecnie obowiązujących limitów ustawowych, mających na celu ograniczenie odsetkowych i pozaodsetkowych kosztów kredytów konsumenckich na tle ewolucji podejścia do wynagrodzenia od kapitału (lichwy). Zostały poruszone w nim religijne, etyczne, prawne i ekonomiczne argumenty dotyczące lichwy. Z przeprowadzonej analizy wynika, że w warunkach wysokiego zróżnicowania instytucjonalnego sektora kredytowo-pożyczkowego w Polsce wpływ limitów opłat ma zróżnicowany i wielowymiarowy charakter. Ocenę odziaływania regulacji można formułować w aspekcie wyzysku, nadmiernego zadłużenia, wykluczenia finansowego i ogólnego dobrobytu społecznego. Poczynione wnioski wskazują, iż ustawowe ograniczenia kosztów kredytów konsumenckich wywołują pod wieloma względami negatywne skutki uboczne. Powodują m.in. ograniczenie dostępu najsłabszym konsumentom do kredytów niskokwotowych na krótki okres i rozwój szarej strefy. Dlatego mimo szlachetnych przesłanek ustawodawcy skuteczniejsze w obniżaniu ceny kredytu i poprawie ogólnego dobrobytu jest wspieranie przez państwo podażowej strony rynku przez ograniczanie ryzyka prowadzenia działalności gospodarczej i rozwój konkurencji. Artykuł powstał na podstawie studiów literatury przedmiotu oraz analizy przepisów prawnych, regulujących maksymalny poziom odsetkowych i pozaodsetkowych kosztów kredytów konsumenckich.
PL
W artykule zarysowano główne nurty współczesnej debaty naukowej poświęconej zasadności i konsekwencjom regulacji lichwy. Studium przypadku polskiego rynku pożyczek pozabankowych pozwoliło zbadać wpływ liberalnej polityki wspierającej jego konkurencyjność na kształtowanie się praktyk lichwiarskich po 2008 r. Przeanalizowano również skuteczność regulacji antylichwiarskich w Polsce. Ustalono, że wzgląd na dobrobyt indywidualny oraz społeczny, a także ryzyko wyzysku pożyczkobiorców, leżą u podstaw argumentacji za wprowadzaniem ograniczenia maksymalnego oprocentowania kredytów. Wskazano również, że firmy pożyczkowe – w pogoni za większymi zyskami – stosują różnego typu opłaty i prowizje, jak również techniki sprzedaży wiązanej, ograniczając tym samym transparentność umów. Rosnąca konkurencja na rynku pożyczek bankowych nie jest czynnikiem wystarczającym do obniżenia kosztów kredytu, zwłaszcza gdy regulacje są ułomne. W konsekwencji skuteczność i sprawność systemu prawnego mogą być postrzegane jako niezbędne w walce z praktykami lichwiarskimi.
EN
In this paper we analyse a recent debate on justification of usury regulations and their implications. To investigate the impact of liberal, competition-enhancing policy on usurious practices, we present a case study of the Polish payday loan market after 2008. We also examine the efficacy of usury regulations in Poland. Our study finds that consumer welfare, social welfare, and the risk of exploitation of borrowers are the main arguments for introducing interest caps. We demonstrate that, in pursuit of greater profits, loan companies use additional non-interest fees and commissions as well as bundling, and thereby reduce the transparency of loan agreements. We show that rising competition on the payday loan market is not sufficient to reduce the cost of loans, especially when the efficacy of regulatory control is deficient and unsatisfactory. Therefore, the efficacy of the judicial system can be seen as essential to combat usurious lending.
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PL
Celem artykułu jest przybliżenie zagadnienia etyki gospodarczej w religii islamu. W części pierwszej opisano okoliczności powstania islamu, uwzględniając ówczesną sytuację społeczno-ekonomiczną. Przedstawiono również główne zasady, na których opiera się ta religia. Część drugą poświęcono głównym pryncypiom etyki gospodarczej w islamie, których źródłem jest przede wszystkim Koran. Zasady religii islamskiej regulują wszystkie sfery życia, także gospodarowanie, zaś reguły normatywnej etyki gospodarczej, korespondują z praktycznymi rozwiązaniami, dostosowanymi do życia współczesnych, praktykujących muzułmanów. Niektóre spośród nich zaprezentowano w artykule.
EN
The article addresses the issue of business ethics in Islam. The first part describes the origin of this religion, in particular from the point of view of the economic situation of Arabic tribes of the period. This part also presents the main rules of Islam. The second part is devoted to the normative principles of business ethics in Islam, which are rooted, above all in the book of the Koran. The normative principles of Islam extend to all spheres of human life, including the economy, and the obligatory normative requirements presented in this article (for instance relating to the activity of usury) correspond to adequate, practical solutions adopted in the daily life of contemporary practicing Muslims. The article also takes a closer look at these solutions themselves.
EN
The phenomenon of private loans, in line with the financial seekers seeking financial help, is often criminal activity based on obligatory debtors’ positions. The disproportionate benefit imposed on borrowers related to their involuntary position is theoretically their choice, and in practice often the only way to meet basic needs. The research goal of the work is a criminological analysis of the phenomenon of usury, which will certainly allow a deeper understanding of the causes of this prohibited act and the grounds that become arguments for criminal activity. Practical evaluation of the possibility of using art. 304 kk will allow you to answer the question about the effectiveness of this regulation. It is also worth considering the thesis: is there a possibility of amending the provision allowing to increase its function entrusted to it in the Penal Code? Demands of de lege ferenda, this is a reflection on the possibility of sealing the legal system, allowing us to fight the crime of usury more efficiently
PL
Problem z płynnością finansową osób fizycznych, jak i podmiotów zbiorowych powoduje poszukiwanie środków na spłatę swojego zadłużenia na każdy z możliwych sposobów. Rynkowe ograniczenia w zakresie udzielania pożyczek i kredytów narzucone przez głównych graczy sprawiają, że nie wszyscy mogą skorzystać z przejrzystej oferty banków i instytucji kredytowych, uwarunkowanej nie tylko ustawowymi regulacjami, ale również nadzorem nad transparentnością rynku finansowego, sprawowanym przez Komisję Nadzoru Finansowego (KNF). Zjawisko prywatnych pożyczek wpisujących się w potrzeby poszukujących ratunku finansowego pożyczkobiorców to niejednokrotnie działalność przestępcza, bazująca na przymusowym położeniu dłużników. Niewspółmierne świadczenie nakładane na pożyczkobiorców, związane z ich przymusowym położeniem to teoretycznie swobodny wybór, a w praktyce często jedyna droga do zaspokojenia podstawowych potrzeb. Celem badawczym pracy jest kryminologiczna analiza zjawiska lichwy, która z pewnością pozwoli na głębsze zrozumienie przyczyn występowania tego czynu zabronionego oraz podstaw, jakie stają się argumentacją dla przestępczego działania. Ocena możliwości wykorzystania art. 304 kk pozwoli odpowiedzieć na pytanie dotyczące skuteczności tej regulacji. Warto również pochylić się nad tezą: czy istnieje możliwość nowelizacji przepisu, która pozwalałaby na lepsze spełnianie przez niego funkcji określonej w Kodeksie karnym? Badania diagnostyczne zostały przeprowadzone w oparciu o dane statystyczne Policji oraz opublikowane raporty Instytutu Wymiaru Sprawiedliwości. Zasadniczo wykorzystano metodę formalno-dogmatyczną oraz analizę i syntezę.
EN
This paper is devoted to the humour in Plutarch’s speech De Vitando Aere Alieno (That One Ought Not to Borrow). Although the problem raised in this work appears to be serious, Plutarch included humorous elements. Among the ancient Greeks and Romans, not only was usury a grave issue, but also one which gave rise to humour. Plutarch used the tradition of comedy and Cynic-Stoic diatribe in a rhetorical purpose. His aim was to persuade the listener or the reader to adopt a moral attitude towards usury.
PL
Dominujące w praktyce mikrofinansowania stopy procentowe mogą być bardzo wysokie (i sięgać średnio 20-30%, czasem jednak znacznie przekraczając 100%). Liczba organizacji konfesyjnych (zwłaszcza chrześcijańskich) działających na tym polu, biblijne zakazy pobierania odsetek od ludzi ubogich i rosnąca komercjalizacja są przyczyną silnych napięć etycznych. W łączności ze współczesnymi badaniami, Autorzy analizują fragmenty Biblii i podejmują refleksję, stosując podejście narracyjno-etyczne do kwestii stóp procentowych we współczesnym mikrofinansowaniu. Dochodzą oni do wniosku, że – choć zakazy stosowania lichwy ciągle obowiązują – szerokie potępienie wysokich stóp procentowych w mikrofinansowaniu nie jest dziś uzasadnione.
EN
Prevailing microfinance interest rates can be very high (20–30 percent on average and well exceeding 100 percent in some cases). The number of faith-based (especially Christian) organizations in the field, biblical injunctions against charging interest to poor people, and increasing commercialization present acute ethical tensions. In conjunction with contemporary research, the authors examine biblical passages and reflect theologically, employing a narrative-ethical approach to the issue of interest rates in contemporary microfinance. They conclude that while prohibitions against usury are still appropriate, a broad condemnation of high interest rates in microfinance is presently unwarranted.
EN
This thesis aims to depict phemonena of interest and usury in private law using example of regulation of interest and usury in Austrian law. This issue was regulated in various ways from the mid-18th century until the World War 1. Subsequent legal acts are being analysed, referring to contemporary legal theories. Special emphasis is placed on the two aims of introducing full freedom of interest rate (in 1787 and 1868) which, however, proved to be ephemeral. Nevertheless, liberalising attempts resulted in modern depiction of usury in the Imperial decree of 1914, where it was identified with extortion; that creates a connection to the contemporary Polish regulation, to which reference is made in the end of the article.
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