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1
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Dlaczego katolik nie ma obowiązku zaszczepić się przeciw COVID-19? Perspektywa etyczna

100%
Ferdynus M.
Studia Ełckie
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2022
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vol. 24
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issue 2
229-247
EN
The author of the article claims that a Catholic has no moral obligation to get vaccinated against COVID-19. Firstly, a Catholic can acknowledge the experimental nature of vaccines. Secondly, a Catholic can appeal to the precautionary principle and to the risk assessment principle concerning possibility of losing health or life as a result of serious adverse vaccine reactions. Thirdly, a Catholic can acknowledge the vaccines as extraordinary medical means. Finally, a Catholic has the right to be guided by the official position of the Catholic Church on voluntarity of vaccinations.
2

Never–Ending Story of the Use of Vaccines Derived from Aborted Infants. Part I: Critique of Teleological Proportionalism and Consequentialism from the Perspective of Moral Theology

88%
Balák R.
Roczniki Teologiczne
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2017
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vol. 64
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issue 3: Teologia moralna - English Online Version
75-92
EN
The standard obligatory use of unethical vaccines derived from aborted human foetuses is currently a significant moral theological problem. It forms a serious dilemma of conscience especially when people become aware of the connection between their own actions and the morally wrong act committed by another person. However, a few years after the release of the declaration of Pontifical Academy for Life Moral Reflections on Vaccines Prepared from Cells Derived from Aborted Human Foetuses (5th May 2005), this serious problem was pushed into oblivion. Moral assessment is still dominated by consequentionalism and proportionalism which reject papal Magisterium ordinarium.
3
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Kryzys ochrony zdrowia publicznego na tle problemu dostępu do szczepionek przeciw COVID-19

75%
Barczewski M., Sykuna S.
Przegląd Sejmowy
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2021
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issue 5(166)
249-265
EN
The Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has exposed significant weaknesses in many countries in terms of preparedness to deal with a completely new type of public health threat. Difficulties and delays in the supply of COVID-19 vaccines have drawn public attention to the leading role played by transnational corporations in access to medicinal products. The authors consider these problems against the background of the concept of epidemiological solidarity and the legal framework for the protection of intellectual property in the World Trade Organization. In this context, they point out the key role of human rights as an instrument to prevent the abuse of intellectual property rights.
4
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Szczepienia przeciw ospie prawdziwej oraz przeciw gruźlicy w opiniach lekarzy polskich w świetle wybranych tytułów polskiego czasopiśmiennictwa lekarskiego (1801–1900)

75%
Adamowicz A., Płonka-Syroka B.
Analecta. Studia i Materiały z Dziejów Nauki
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2018
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vol. 27
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issue 1(52)
157-204
EN
This article discusses the Polish doctors’ views on the issue of smallpox vaccine and tuberculosis vaccine. The cognitive aim of the study was to present the history of introducing both vaccines on the territory of Europe, show the Polish doctors’ opinions on this background and catch the similarities and differences in attitudes to both vaccines. Important factor is that smallpox vaccine was introduced before formulating the standard of microbiology, whereas tuberculosis vaccine was introduced after formulating this standard. Smallpox vaccine was introduced on the territory of Poland in 1801. Thanks to its effectiveness, the vaccine became a regular part of the prevention of infectious diseases. Polish doctors have frequently taken the subject of vaccination in periodicals, writing not only about its advantages and values, but also about many issues related to it. Tuberculin was accepted by the medical community as a revelation and miracle drug. However, after several months of trials, it exposed its imperfections, such as some complications (deterioration of the patient’s condition, death) and no cases of complete cure. For these reasons tuberculin was criticized by doctors and withdrawn from use.
5
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Statement no. 7 by the COVID-19 Advisory Team to the President of the Polish Academy of Sciences: Vaccination is the only rational solution which will help us defeat the pandemic

75%
Zespół ds. COVID-19 przy Prezesie PAN
Nauka
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2021
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issue 1
6
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The multidimensional nature of attitudes towards preventive vaccinations – a cross-sectional survey among Poles aged 15–39 years

75%
Raciborski F., Tomaszewska A., Rakocy K., Samel-Kowalik P., Samoliński B., Gujski M., Pinkas J., Jankowski M.
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
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2023
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vol. 36
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issue 2
214-228
EN
Objectives Vaccination skepticism and vaccination refusal both constitute global public health concerns. Systematic monitoring of public attitudes towards vaccination is crucial for maintaining a high vaccination coverage rate. The study aimed to identify and characterize homogenous social groups distinguished by attitudes toward preventive vaccinations. Material and Methods Between October and November of 2021, a nationwide representative cross-sectional survey was conducted on a representative sample of 1560 inhabitants of Poland aged 15–39 years. The study questionnaire included 60 questions on public attitudes towards vaccines, vaccination, and the COVID-19 pandemic. Factor analysis was applied to identify the main dimensions of vaccination attitudes. Results Factor analysis included 22 variables and yielded 3 factors or dimensions that accounted for 48.5% of the model’s variability. Young adults were assigned into 6 homogeneous groups based on these factors: 1) general trust in vaccination, 2) vaccine safety concerns, 3) trust in fake medical news regarding COVID-19 vaccination, and denying the COVID-19 pandemic. Groups I–IV differed by sociodemographic factors and vaccination coverage rates. Nearly 60% of the respondents expressed concern regarding various aspects of vaccination. Conclusions Most of Poland’s young adults lack clearly defined attitudes towards vaccination. Attitudes towards vaccination can be divided into 6 heterogeneous groups.
7
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How to speak nowadays of what is very important for the functioning of the society. A review of selected health security reports

75%
Sobotka P.
Polish Journal of Political Science
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2020
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vol. 6
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issue 3
86-124
EN
We live in the times when we have accustomed to the security and stability of the social system. The COVID-19 pandemic reminded us, Poles, that we have to care for our security all the time, and not only military or conomic, but also health security. The first step towards improvement of the current situation is to carry out regular examinations of society’s health security. An example of good practice as regards monitoring the health situation are the reports described in this study, which are published all over the world. They present the aspects that have to be taken into account when creating such tabulations and what instruments should be used. Proper monitoring is a key to adopting adequate remedies in order to improve Poland’s health security.
8
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Licencja przymusowa eksportowa jako publicznoprawny instrument zwalczania i zapobiegania chorobom zakaźnym

63%
Mełgieś K.
Studia Prawnicze KUL
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2017
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issue 3
51-68
EN
In the era of civilization progress and globalization, the problem of infectious diseases, prevention and combating it remains one of the important public health tasks. On the other hand, the specific nature and course of these illnesses is still an important profession for medicine, especially in the field of research and development, depending on the chemical and biological solutions, including drugs and vaccines, which will be effective. The public sector is condemned in this regard in most cases for the scientific and financial activity undertaken by the pharmaceutical industry. The latter, particularly when using the monopoly resulting from patent protection, is not always interested in directing its offer to underdeveloped markets. These areas are often sources of spreading epidemics. Hence the efforts of international organizations, followed by the European Union, to create legal instruments, such as compulsory export licenses, to counteract these unfavorable phenomena. It seems, however, that the introduction of a legislative formula is not sufficient to achieve the expected results without adequate political, economic and social support.
PL
W dobie postępu cywilizacyjnego i związanej z nim globalizacji problem chorób zakaźnych, ich profilaktyki i zwalczania skutków pozostaje jednym z istotnych w zakresie zadań publicznych lokowanych w obszarze ochrony zdrowia. Z drugiej zaś strony specyfika i przebieg tych chorób stanowią wciąż istotne wyzwanie dla medycyny, zwłaszcza w zakresie związanym z badaniami i rozwojem, w znalezieniu takich rozwiązań chemicznych czy biologicznych, w tym leków i szczepionek, które będą skuteczne. Sektor publiczny skazany jest w tym względzie, w większości przypadków, na aktywność naukową i finansową podejmowaną przez przemysł farmaceutyczny. Ten ostatni, zwłaszcza gdy korzysta z monopolu wynikającego z uzyskanej ochrony patentowej, nie zawsze jednak jest zainteresowany kierowaniem swojej oferty do rynków słabo rozwiniętych. Obszary te zaś często to źródła rozprzestrzeniających się epidemii. Stąd wysiłki organizacji międzynarodowych, a w ślad za nimi także Unii Europejskiej, by stworzyć instrumenty prawne, takie jak przymusowa licencja eksportowa, pozwalające przeciwdziałać tym niekorzystnym zjawiskom. Wydaje się jednak, że wprowadzenie legislacyjnej formuły nie jest wystarczające dla osiągniecia oczekiwanych rezultatów bez odpowiedniego wsparcia politycznego, ekonomicznego i społecznego.
9
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Dobrzy rodzice, źli obywatele? Uchylanie się od szczepień ochronnych w badaniach Jennifer A. Reich

63%
Krywult Albańska M.
Studia Socjologiczne
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2020
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issue 1(236)
257-272
PL
Zjawisko uchylania się od szczepień ochronnych staje się obecnie coraz większym wyzwaniem dla zdrowia publicznego zarówno w Polsce, jak i w wielu innych krajach Europy i Ameryki Północnej. Celem eseju jest streszczenie głównych wniosków dotyczących uwarunkowań tego zjawiska, do jakich doszła na podstawie badań przeprowadzonych w USA Jennifer A. Reich i które zostały opublikowane w jej wydanej w 2016 roku książce Calling the Shots. Why Parents Reject Vaccines. Autorka pokazuje, jak zjawisko uchylania się od szczepień, które ma najczęściej miejsce wśród osób mających największy dostęp do zasobów i edukacji, dotyka fundamentalnych kwestii związanych z wyborem osobistym, integralnością cielesną, odpowiedzialnością względem zbiorowości oraz relacjami jednostki z państwem.
EN
Vaccine hesitancy has recently become a growing challenge for public health in Poland as well as in many other countries in Europe and North America. The paper provides a summary of the main findings concerning the factors behind the phenomenon, as presented in Jennifer A. Reich’s book ‘Calling the Shots. Why Parents Reject Vaccines’, based on her research carried out in the United States. The author demonstrates the multiple ways, in which vaccine hesitancy, particularly prevalent among those with privileged access to education and resources, is linked to broader issues concerning personal choice, bodily integrity, individual responsibility towards community and individual’s relations with the state.
10

Neverending History of the Use of Vaccines Derived from Aborted Infants. Part I: Critique of Teleological Proportionalism and Consequentialism from the Perspective of Moral Theology

63%
Balák R.
Roczniki Teologiczne
|
2017
|
vol. 64
|
issue 3: Teologia moralna
93-110
EN
The standard and obligatory use of unethical vaccines derived from aborted human foetuses, is currently a significant moral theological problem. It is a serious dilemma of conscience the situation when people become aware of the connection between their own actions and the morally wrong act committed by other person form a serious conscience dilemma. However, a few years after the release of declaration Pontifical Academy for Life Moral Reflections on Vaccines Prepared from Cells Derived from Aborted Human Foetuses (05.06.2005), this serious problem was pushed into oblivion. The moral assessment is still dominated by the consequentionalism and the proportionalism which reject papal Magisterium ordinarium.
PL
Standardowe i obowiązkowe stosowanie szczepionek pochodzących z abortowanych płodów ludzkich stanowi obecnie istotny problem teologicznomoralny. Rodzi ono poważne dylematy sumienia, gdy osoby uświadamiają sobie istnienie związku pomiędzy jej własnym działaniem i czynem moralnie złym popełnionym przez inną osobę. Warto do tej kwestii powracać tym bardziej, że ma się wrażenie, iż bardzo szybko zapomniano o wskazaniach na ten temat zawartych w dokumencie Papieskiej Akademii Życia pt. Rozważania moralne o szczepionkach przygotowanych z komórek pochodzących z abortowanych płodów ludzkich (05.06.2005). W ocenie moralnej nadal można obserwować przewagę konsekwencjonalizmu i proporcjonalizmu, który odrzuca papieskie Magisterium ordinarium.
11

Neverending History of the Use of Vaccines Derived from Aborted Infants. Part II: Moral Evaluation in the Light of the Principle of Double Effect and Encyclicals Veritatis splendor and Evangelium vitae

51%
Balák R.
Roczniki Teologiczne
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2018
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vol. 65
|
issue 3: Teologia moralna
101-116
EN
Repeated moral revaluation of mandatory vaccination with vaccines derived from aborted children from a theological angle of view is necessary considering the increasing timeliness of the issue. The principle of double effect, along with the Tomist concept of moral analysis of human action, is an adequate way of moral evaluation of this bioethical dilemma facing Catholic parents. The papal Magisterium of the chosen encyclicals provides a complementary methodological and meritory basis for respecting the unborn human life as well as the doctrinal key for moral evaluation of concerned subjects' behavior.
PL
Ponowna ocena moralna obowiązkowych szczepień szczepionkami pochodzącymi od abortowanych płodow ludzkich z punktu widzenia teologicznomoralnego jest konieczna ze względu na rosnącą skalę problemu. Zasada o podwójnym skutku wraz z tomistyczną koncepcją moralnej analizy ludzkiego działania są adekwatnymi sposobami oceny moralnej zbadanego bioetycznego dylematu, przed którym stają katoliccy rodzice. Papieskie magistrerium wybranych encyklik stanowi komplementarną podstawę metodologiczną i merytoryczną dla poszanowania nienarodzonego życia ludzkiego i także doktrynalny klucz dla moralnej oceny zachowania zainteresowanych ludzkich podmiotów.
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