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City parks in Europe

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EN
The goal of this paper is to present European parks form the point of view of their natural environment and ecological functions which they fulfill in the city. Parks situated in valley landscapes have been used as the object of study, sińce these types of parks predominate in Europę. These are: Hyde Park in London, Clara Zetkin Park in Leipzig, Tiergarten in Berlin and Łazienki in Warsaw.
EN
The vicinity of Kazimierz Dolny is characterised by the occurrence of large denivelations and thick loess covers. Due to that, as well as to the characteristic properties of loess and freąuent occurrences of torrential rains, the region is marked by numerous dissections by valleys. Not without importance is agriculture, whose intensification brought about the creation of new relief forms. Gully erosion is a serious threat for the inhabitants of the region; on the other hand, it is impossible to eliminate it. For that reason it is necessary to use modern anti-erosion measures.
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The Valley of the Hinnom in the Old Testament always referred to a place south of the city walls. After the sacrifices of children made to Molech, this area was cursed. The people began to throw garbage and dispose of the bodies of convicts there while unfading fire burnt them. Unpleasant and acrid smoke constantly hovered over this area. The teaching of Jesus of Nazareth changed the meaning of the term Gehenna. Jesus used it to bring people to the reality of damnation. He pointed to the need for one’s radical turning away from evil and sin in order to avoid this punishment. The valley of disgrace has become thus the image of eternal hell in Jesus’ preaching.
PL
Dolina Gehenny w Starym Testamencie zawsze oznaczała miejsce na południe od murów miasta. Po ofiarach złożonych Molochowi z dzieci tereny te zostały przeklęte. Zaczęto tam wysypywać śmieci, wyrzucać ciała skazańców, a niegasnący ogień je trawił. Ciągle unosił się stamtąd nieprzyjemny i gryzący dym. Nauczanie Jezusa z Nazaretu zmieniło znaczenie terminu „gehenna”. Jezus używał go, by przybliżyć ludziom rzeczywistość potępienia. Wskazywał na konieczność radykalnego odwrócenia się od zła i grzechu, aby uniknąć tej kary. Dolina hańby stała się w nauczaniu Jezusa obrazem piekła wiecznego.
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