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EN
Purpose: To incorporate a new value theory based on co-productivity into the value chain analysis. Methodology: We develop a theoretical model of co-productivity and analyze selected examples of high co-productive value chains. Our theory modifies value theories based on the classical approach (A. Smith, D. Ricardo, K. Marx), production factors of land, capital, labor, and knowledge (J.B. Clark), subjective value for the consumer (C. Menger, W.S. Jevons, and L. Walras), exchange value (A. Marshall), energy value (I. Prigogine), value added for the customer (M. Porter and P. Drucker), information value (V. Rometty), and customer attention (M. Goldhaber). Findings: We demonstrate that the co-productivity theory deeply connects all hermeneutic sources of value creation, but more importantly, it opens opportunities for adopting future-oriented sources. Originality: We present an original theory based on co-productivity, previously unused in logistics. We show how the theory helps to shape more effective value chains.
EN
The article provides an answer in a new dimension to the very old question about the real value of production which has become up to date again after the financial crisis with its immense losses of securities and stocks. The answer includes the knowledge from the latest research on the existence of the economic order in the real equal natural world with energy as the means of payment. The results of a microeconomic approach within this natural order, based on observations and characteristics of marginal quantities within production processes, are described.
EN
In economic history value theory is simply one paradigm amongst others. It refers to an ensemble of economic ideas developed by classical political economists such as Adam Smith and David Ricardo. In the works of Karl Marx, however, value theory takes on a new meaning. It is charged with political significance and relates directly to class struggles in modern society. In this paper we will explore some aspects of Marx’s critique of capitalism as interpreted by Harry Cleaver, Isaak Illich Rubin, Roman Ro-dolsky and several other scholars.
PL
Artykuł dotyczy stereotypów w ujęciu społeczno-poznawczym. Autorka wybrała stereotyp Amerykanina ze względu na uwarunkowania historyczne i czynniki wpływające na jego kształtowanie się. Celem jej badania było ustalenie związku między preferowaniem określonych wartości a tendencją do stereotypowego postrzegania Amerykanina. Autorka sprawdzała hipotezę, zgodnie z którą preferowanie hedonizmu i zachowawczości współwystępuje ze stereotypowym spostrzeganiem Amerykanina. Próbowano także dowieść, że preferowanie otwartości na zmianę, uniwersalizmu i przekraczania siebie współwystępuje z niską skłonnością do stereotypowego postrzegania Amerykanina. Analiza wyników potwierdziła związek niektórych wartości z tendencją do posługiwania się stereotypami etnicznymi.
EN
The present article concerns the issue of stereotypes and prejudices as viewed from socio-cognitive approach. The stereotype of an American was chosen because of its historical determinants and a number of factor influencing its development. The aim of the conducted research was to investigate the relationship between the preference of specific values and tendency to perceive Americans in a stereotypical way. The article is based on an assumption according to which high preference of particular values (such as Hedonism and Conservation) will co-occur with high level of stereotypical thinking about the Americans. On the other hand, people who prefer such values as Openness to Change, Universalism and Self-Transcendence will exhibit lower level of stereotypical thinking about the Americans. The data analysis confirmed the coexistence of some values with the formation of ethnic stereotypes and prejudices.
EN
The analysis of the expressive stability of lexeme ‘gówniak’ in Polish The aim of this article is to analyse the expressive stability of the Polish lexeme ‘gówniak’. Although the said lexeme is a relatively new linguistic phenomenon – as it appeared for the first time in the Polish web in 2014 – it is becoming more and more popular among a specific type of internet users and its meaning has started to expand. The expressive stability of the lexeme was analysed on the basis of the basic human emotions by Anna Wierzbicka, value theory by Jadwiga Puzynina, Likert scale, and stylistic marking. Since the lexeme doesn’t appear in any paper dictionaries, the following websites served as sources for the analysis: language corpus monco.frazeo.pl, Polish Wordnet, Internet dictionary of slang miejski.pl, and above all numerous entries on blogs and forums, memes and entertainment websites such as wykop.pl and joemonster.org. The analysis allowed to establish four main meanings of the lexeme ‘gówniak’: (1) a definition of (someone else’s) child popular among users of entertainment websites, (2) an annoying, naughty child, (3) a child of ‘Seba’ and ‘Karyna’, (4) a humorous definition of (your own) child. Moreover, the analysis of the sources shows that the emotional marking of the lexeme is constantly changing: from purely negative (resulting from its morphological structure) to more neutral or even positive one.
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