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EN
Research background: Since the first bankruptcy prediction models were developed in the 60's of the 20th century, numerous different models have been constructed all over the world. These individual models of bankruptcy prediction have been developed in different time and space using different methods and variables. Therefore, there is a need to analyse them in the context of various countries, while the question about their suitability arises. Purpose of the article: The analysis of more than 100 bankruptcy prediction models developed in V4 countries confirms that enterprises in each country prefer different explanatory variables. Thus, we aim to review systematically the bankruptcy prediction models developed in the countries of Visegrad four and analyse them, with the emphasis on explanatory variables used in these models, and evaluate them using appropriate statistical methods. Methods: Cluster analysis and correspondence analysis were used to explore the mutual relationships among the selected categories, e.g. clusters of explanatory variables and countries of the Visegrad group. The use of the cluster analysis focuses on the identification of homogenous subgroups of the explanatory variables to sort the variables into clusters, so that the variables within a common cluster are as much similar as possible. The correspondence analysis is used to examine if there is any statistically significant dependence between the monitored factors ? bankruptcy prediction models of Visegrad countries and explanatory variables. Findings & Value added: Based on the statistical analysis applied, we confirmed that each country prefers different explanatory variables for developing the bankruptcy prediction model. The choice of an appropriate and specific variable in a specific country may be very helpful for enterprises, researchers and investors in the process of construction and development of bankruptcy prediction models in conditions of an individual country.
EN
The article is focused on the analysis of the contemporary operational environment, which is perceived as part of the wider security environment. The current operational environment is characterized as complex, dynamically changing and unpredictable. A systematic approach to the operational environment defines a set of its determining elements and their functional links. In the operational environment are additionally specified operational areas for individual commanders. Set of operational and mission variables allows the commanders to perform a comprehensive analysis and evaluation of these operational areas.
EN
The paper analyses the semantic-syntactic description of expressions of the ten i ten, tak a tak (‘such and such’, ‘so and so’) type. These are not units of language but rather constructions which result from the filling of slots meant for anaphoric pronouns in such arrangements as _i i _i and _i a _i. In contrast to the _i i _j arrangement, the discussed idiomatic constructions express a reference to single elements, and hence are not tautological. The paper formulates the following hypotheses: a) expressions of this kind are used in sentences which refer to a different act of speech (potential or real) but instead of designating an element in the current utterance, they recount a reference made in the adduced utterance; b) the analysed constructions act as “position markers” in a sentence, but despite that, they cannot be interpreted as logical variables because they preserve the characteristics of linguistic expressions.
XX
Variability in the use of the defi nite article in New Englishes, and in particular, Nigerian English has received the least attention from a quantitative, probabilistic and predictive perspective. The present study narrows this gap by not only assessing the extent to which article use in Nigerian English varies, but by also simultaneously testing out previous claims found in similar varieties, using similar corpus data from the Nigerian component of the International Corpus of English (ICE). Following theoretic framework for article use by Hawkins (1978) and Prince (1981), Wahid (2013) found that variability in defi nite article usage in New Englishes is more predictable on the basis of genre than on the basis of variety. Revising Wahid’s method and reconceptualising same theoretic frameworks of Hawkins and Prince, together with a comparable corpus sample of 8674 defi nite article the from ICE-Nigeria, the extent of article usage variability in the Nigerian variety is not only shown but also that variety outweighs genre and syntactic function predicting article usage in New Englishes.
EN
An algorithm is proposed to find an integer solution for bilevel linear fractional programming problem with discrete variables. The method develops a cut that removes the integer solutions which are not bilevel feasible. The proposed method is extended from bilevel to multilevel linear fractional programming problems with discrete variables. The solution procedure for both the algorithms is elucidated in the paper.
EN
The social scientific study of same-sex households with children has come a long way in 10 years. Better quality data collection is now available. However, this is no guarantee that consistently sensible analyses and reasonable conclusions are imminent, because the “consensus” that children from same-sex households fare no differently than children from opposite-sex households-in particular, married families-is a carefully guarded social construction. The consensus is the result of sampling decisions, analytic comparisons, and interpretations of results that often indicate baseline differences prior to statistical controls for household instability, after which they commonly disappear. It is this variable-relationship dissolution-that remains demonstrably different between same-sex and opposite-sex relationships, even in the most tolerant of societies. The point of this article is neither to trumpet nor dispute any particular study’s conclusion in the domain of parental influence on children’s outcomes. Rather, I seek to explain how the consensus around “no differences” came to be, and how it is reinforced, despite evidence that it was, and remains, premature.
PL
Zrozumieć badania społeczne dotyczące rodzicielstwa osób tej samej płci Badania w obszarze nauk społecznych dotyczące gospodarstw domowych osób tej samej płci z dziećmi przeszły długą drogę w ciągu 10 lat. Współcześnie dostrzega się większe możliwości gromadzenia danych. Nie ma jednak gwarancji, że konsekwentne i sensowne analizy oraz rozsądne wnioskowanie jest oczywiste. Występuje bowiem ścisła konstrukcja społeczna oparta na strzeżonej „zgodzie”, że dzieci z gospodarstw domowych tej samej płci nie różnią się od dzieci z gospodarstw domowych przeciwnej płci – w szczególności z rodzin małżeńskich. Konsensus ten jest wynikiem decyzji dotyczących doboru próby, porównań analitycznych i interpretacji wyników. Często wskazują one na różnice wyjściowe przed statystycznymi kontrolami niestabilności gospodarstwa domowego, po których zwykle zanikają. Zwłaszcza zmienna – rozpad związku – pozostaje wyraźnie różna między związkami osób tej samej i przeciwnej płci, nawet w najbardziej tolerancyjnych społeczeństwach. Celem artykułu nie jest promowanie bądź kwestionowanie wniosków z badań dotyczących wpływu rodziców na wyniki dzieci. Starano się raczej wyjaśnić, w jaki sposób powstał konsensus dotyczący „braku różnic” i jak jest wzmacniany, pomimo dowodów na to, że był i pozostaje przedwczesny.
EN
The article deals with the question if the categories of “constant” are “variables” in a projection on media communication. Status of these categories in science, their features in a natural-science and human comprehension are examined. Constants and variable units of culture are analyzed in their dynamic development. Media communication is interpreted in the context of representation of mass language awareness through the active processes of language development. The author pays attention to the invariance of cultural constants in the media, their certain semantic and functional diffusion in relation to the variable units of culture in media communication.
PL
Zwiększenie skuteczności instytucji administracji publicznej wymaga uzależnienia części pakietu wynagrodzeń pracowników od indywidualnych efektów pracy. Przemawiają za tym różnorodne argumenty. W myśl teorii mocodawcy (obywatele) i pełnomocnika (pracownicy), cele zgodne z interesem publicznym można osiągać przede wszystkim poprzez zastosowanie krótkoterminowych instrumentów motywujących pracowników instytucji administracji publicznej w pożądanym kierunku. Większość pracowników tego sektora uważa, że jest to trudne do zrealizowania, lecz równocześnie niezbędne. O znaczeniu zagadnienia świadczą dylematy polityki zatrudnienia w administracji publicznej w Polsce. Celowość uzasadniają także postawy i oczekiwania pokolenia Y, dominującej wkrótce grupy zatrudnionych w tym sektorze. Analiza sfery realnej oraz przesłanek teoretycznych dowodzi, że w ramach obowiązujących regulacji istnieje możliwość wdrożenia mechanizmu wynagrodzenia za indywidualne efekty pracy poprzez transfer rozwiązań zweryfikowanych w sektorze przedsiębiorstw. Wymaga to jednak twórczego zaadaptowania do specyfiki administracji publicznej, przede wszystkim poprzez właściwe sformułowanie celów jakościowych oraz stosowanie różnorodnych instrumentów płacowych. Warunkiem niezbędnym jest także konsekwentne różnicowanie wynagrodzeń zasadniczych na podstawie wyników wartościowania pracy, selektywny wzrost oraz przebudowa wewnętrznych relacji w hierarchii wynagrodzeń.
EN
Any increase in the efficiency of public administration requires the coupling of a part of the employee compensation package with individual performance outcomes. This is supported by a variety of arguments. In line with the principal and agent (citizen and worker) theory, objectives conforming to the public interest can be achieved primarily through the use of short–term instruments that motivate the employees of public administration institutions in the desired direction. Most employees of this sector believe that it is difficult to achieve, but at the same time indispensable. The importance of this issue is visible in the dilemmas of employment policy in public administration in Poland. Its desirability is also justified by the attitudes and expectations of Generation Y, the soon to be dominant group employed in this sector. Analysis of the real economy and theoretical evidence proves that pursuant to current regulations it is possible to implement a remuneration mechanism targeting individual work effects through the transfer of solutions verified in the corporate sector. However, this requires creative adaptation to the specific nature of public administration, primarily through the appropriate formulation of quality objectives and the application of various remuneration instruments. The prerequisite is consistent differentiation of basic salaries based on the results of job evaluation, selective growth, and the remodeling of internal relations within the remuneration hierarchy.
PL
W artykule podjęto zagadnienie wyboru trafniejszej metody porządkowania liniowego na podstawie badania stanu gospodarki odpadami komunalnymi w Polsce w 2016 roku. Szczególną uwagę poświęcono tutaj metodzie unitaryzacji zerowanej, wskazując na jej przydatność i dokładność. Całość związaną z normowaniem, wyznaczaniem zmiennej syntetycznej oraz budową rankingu zilustrowano przykładem.
EN
It has been discusses the issue of choosing a more accurate method of linear ordering based on the study of the state of municipal waste management in Poland in 2016. Particular attention is paid here to the method of resettlement universes, indicating its usefulness and accuracy. The whole related to the normalization, determination of the synthetic variable and the construction of the ranking is illustrated by an example.
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