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Institutions and State Authorities of the Republic of Poland Involved in Cross-Border Security

100%
Wawrzusiszyn A.
Historia i Polityka
|
2020
|
issue 32 (39)
EN
Cross-border security is part of both external and internal security of a state; hence the responsibility for it is usually divided. Similarly, the responsibility for Polish border administration is split in both subjective and objective sense. The Constitution of the Republic of Poland in art. 146 indicates that the Council of Ministers, and in particular the Minister of National Defence, the Minister competent for Internal Affairs and the Minister competent for Public Finance shall ensure external and internal security as well as public order in the state. To a lesser extent, the responsibility for state security is also shared by other ministers supervising central administration bodies that have state border protection within their scope.In addition, very important functions directly or indirectly related to border security are carried out also by voivodes.In the current paper, the author presents individual institutions and state bodies involved in cross-border security of the Republic of Poland, demonstrating their impact on the overall level of this security.
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Diagnozowanie i leczenie inwazji pasożytów wewnętrznych w świetle rzymskich tekstów agronimicznych i weterynaryjnych

80%
Bartnik A.
Res Gestae. Czasopismo Historyczne
|
2023
|
vol. 15
5-22
EN
Internal parasites were a serious problem for breeders in ancient Rome. Invasions caused significant material losses due to their negative impact on the condition of animals, weight gain or milkability. The authors of agronomic and veterinary texts referred to them by the names hirudines - leeches, lumbrici - intestinal roundworms or vermes - worms, but it is difficult to determine whether the names were assigned to specific species of parasites. There are many indications that the names lumbrici or vermes were sometimes used interchangeably. Symptoms, formulas of drugs and methods of dealing with infected endoparasites of animals primarily concerned horses and cattle, unlike exoparasites which are mostly diagnosed and treated in sheep, cattle and then horses. Medicines were prepared on the basis of, among others, plants, oil, vinegar or lye. Formulas had been refined by the ancient Romans for several centuries and their effectiveness, in lighter cases, has been confirmed by modern researchers.
PL
Pasożyty wewnętrzne stanowiły poważny problem dla hodowców w starożytnym Rzymie. Inwazje powodowały znaczące straty materialne ze względu na ich negatywny wpływ na kondycję zwierząt, przyrost ich masy czy mleczność. Autorzy tekstów agronomicznych i weterynaryjnych określali je nazwami hirudines - pijawki, lumbrici - glisty jelitowe czy vermes - robaki, niemniej trudno określić czy nazwy były przypisane do konkretnych gatunków pasozytów. Wiele wskazuje, że nazwy lumbrici czy vermes bywały stosowane zamiennie. Objawy, recepty leków oraz sposoby postępowania z zakażonymi endopasożytami zwierzętami dotyczyły przede wszystkim koni oraz bydła w odróżnieniu od egzopasożytów diagnozowanych i leczonych przede wszystkim u owiec, bydła a następnie koni. Leki przygotowywano na bazie m.in. roślin, oleju, octu czy ługu. Recepty były dopracowywane przez starożytnych Rzymian przez kilka wieków a ich skuteczność, w lżejszych przypadkach, została potwierdzona przez współczesnych badaczy.   
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