Search results

1

Elektryczność w służbie władzy i ludzi. Elektryfikacja wsi Pomorza Zachodniego w pierwszym ćwierćwieczu po drugiej wojnie światowej

100%

Machałek M., Makowski A.

Przegląd Zachodniopomorski

|

2016

|

issue 3

67-86

EN

Before the Second World War the level of electrification of what was to be Western Pomerania after the war was much higher than in other Polish regions. The differences were even bigger in the rural areas. In the aftermath of the war and as a result of the post-war devastation the energetic infrastructure was reduced even more. In spite of a relatively good initial situation the return to the pre-war state and a full electrification of the villages in Western Pomerania required a lot of capital investment and the task was fraught with difficulties. The whole process had a political dimension, too. The authorities hoped that thanks to the improvement of living conditions of the rural population that section of society would support the socialist regime. Together with electrification it became easier to reach the inhabitants of the rural areas with the propaganda message.

2

Gyvenamųjų vietovių vardai – nematerialusis šalies kultūros paveldas

88%

Kavoliutė F.

Geografijos Metraštis

|

2014

|

vol. 47

88-102

EN

The article presents a discussion about the place names of village and steading communities, their semantic meaning and cultural value of intrinsic information. A group of place names related with the notion “sergėti” (guard) is analysed. For revealing their meaning, historical sources are employed and the natural environment of the villages and steadings is analysed. In parallel, the historical development of territorial communities is surveyed pointing out the complicated status of traditional territorial communities after the Soviet years (during the Soviet years, 5 600 villages and steadings were annihilated) and too slowly changing comprehension of social–territorial units by modern society. The necessity to safeguard all place names of territorial communities annihilated during the Soviet years as intangible cultural heritage is emphasised. References 51. Figs 8. In Lithuanian, summary in English.

3

SPATIAL AND LANDSCAPE CHANGES IN THE HOUSING DEVELOPMENT OF GDAŃSK SUBURBAN VILLAGES

88%

Poczobut J.

Quaestiones Geographicae

|

2020

|

vol. 39

|

issue 2

EN

In the article the specificity of development of Gdańsk suburban villages is considered. The data from recent years concerning demographic changes in communes will be analysed. The analysis of four selected villages will show the settlement changes and contemporary non-rural types of buildings. Spatial processes, which in terms of an extensive rural economy have already led to the change and depreciation of qualities of their current order and landscape, will be described.

4

Matar and metron in papyri: The Greek origin of an Arabic measure

75%

Berkes L., Vanthieghem N.

The Journal of Juristic Papyrology

|

2019

|

issue 49

31-40

EN

Edition of the Arabic account P. Louvre inv. E 6380 originating from the Fayum and dating to the second half of the eighth century. The document strongly suggests that the Arabic measure matar derives from the Greek metron.

5

Regulace vesnického osídlení a krajiny ve středověké a novověké severní Evropě

75%

Dohnal M.

Český lid: etnologický časopis (Český lid: Ethnological journal)

|

2009

|

vol. 96

|

issue 3

279-308

EN

The paper is aimed at regulated medieval settlements in Scandinavia (named mostly, although not always correctly solskifte). These systems comprehend green villages and row villages as well as regular chessboard-like field arrangements. In these systems each farmer had strips in each furlong. The location of his strip within the furlong was constant in relation to that of other farmers and was determined according to the sequence of houses in the village, counting with reference to the apparent course of the sun across the sky and beginning mostly in the south and east. Widths of the house plots were proportional to fiscal assessment of their farmsteads. For further description of those concepts see English references. Recent research in the Czech Republic revealed signs of applying similar planning principles. This is especially the case of the village of Nová Lhota, founded probably in the first half of the 16th century. Ordering of field strips mirror here the sequence of house plots in the village. Better understanding of genetic links between Scandinavian concepts of medieval landscape planning concepts and similar principles found in central Europe is thus the major task of future research.

6

Olsztyńskie „Dzikie Pola”. Rabunek i dewastacja wsi na Warmii i Mazurach przez wojska sowieckie w latach 1945–1948

63%

Gross R.

Dzieje Najnowsze

|

2022

|

vol. 54

|

issue 3

109-130

EN

This article presents the process of destruction of villages in Warmia and Mazury after World War II, plundered and devastated by Soviet troops. Basing on a thorough analysis of the Polish civil administration and the Provincial Office of Public Security files, the author describes the plunders of Soviet soldiers that contributed to a significant depletion of the agricultural property of Warmia and Mazury. This seriously hampered the post-war settlement, reconstruction and development of these areas, where agriculture was the primary economic branch.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono proces niszczenia wsi na Warmii i Mazurach po II wojnie światowej w wyniku rabunków i dewastacji dokonywanych przez wojska sowieckie. Na podstawie analizy akt polskiej administracji cywilnej, a także Wojewódzkiego Urzędu Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego opisano działania wojsk sowieckich prowadzące do znaczącego uszczuplenia majątku rolnego Warmii i Mazur, co w poważnym stopniu utrudniło powojenne osadnictwo, odbudowę i zagospodarowanie tych obszarów, na których rolnictwo było podstawową gałęzią gospodarczą.

7

Z zagadnień aktywności fizycznej, zdrowia, promocji zdrowia i higieny na wsi w Polsce do 1939 roku

63%

Małolepszy E., Drozdek-Małolepsza T.

Rocznik Lubuski

|

2018

|

vol. 44

|

issue 2a

314

EN

The aim of the article is to present issues of physical activity, health, health promotion, and hygiene in Polish villages till 1939. Activity in these areas was implemented by Państwowy Urząd Wychowania Fizycznego i Przysposobienia Wojskowego (the State Office of Physical Education and Civil Defense) and its administrative structures, Rada Naukowa Wychowania Fizycznego (Scientific Council of Physical Education), rural youth organizations and the press they published, agricultural schools, and Wiejskie Uniwersytety Ludowe (People's Rural Universities). Activity in the fields of physical education, health, and hygiene were implemented in the educational, training, and pedagogical aspects. Hygiene and physical education courses promoting hygiene and hygiene with rescue training were organized for village dwellers, especially for young people.

PL

Celem pracy jest przedstawienie zagadnień aktywności fizycznej, zdrowia, promocji zdro¬wia i higieny na wsi w Polsce w okresie do 1939 r. Działalność w obrębie tych dziedzin w środowisku wiejskim realizował Państwowy Urząd Wychowania Fizycznego i Przysposobienia Wojskowego oraz jego struktury administracyjne, Rada Naukowa Wychowania Fizycznego, wiejskie organizacje młodzieżowe wraz z wydawaną prasą, szkoły rolnicze oraz Wiejskie Uniwersytety Ludowe. Działalność w obrębie zadań na polu aktywności fizycznej, wychowania zdrowia oraz higieny, realizowana była w aspekcie edukacyjnym, kształcącym, a także wychowawczym. Dla mieszkańców wsi, głównie młodzieży organizowano kursy higieny, a także kursy wychowania fizycznego, w ramach których prowadzono higienę oraz higienę z ratownictwem.

8

Z badań nad nazwami miejscowymi na pograniczu Puszczy Białej

51%

Samsonowicz H.

Zeszyty Naukowe Ostrołęckiego Towarzystwa Naukowego

|

2010

|

vol. Zeszyt

|

issue XXIV

9-18

EN

The article concerns names of localities (towns and villages) along the edge of Puszcza Biała (Biała Wood), and specifically within the territory of present Długosiodło Commune. The Author analyses over 50 names of places categorised according to period of their founding, as well as the origin of names (e.g. local vegetation, inhabitants or craftsmanship). The names convey interesting information on their origin. As the Author states in the conclusion, in period I mainly names derived from human activities were given, in period II, names related to biological conditions predominated, while in the modern times, names were created in connection with individuals, national, legal or professional groups. The work comprises interesting new data on the studied area and sharp observations that may also apply to other areas in Poland.

PL

Artykuł dotyczy nazw miejscowych, używanych na pograniczu Puszczy Białej, a konkretnie znajdujących się na obszarze dzisiejszej gminy Długosiodło. Autor analizuje ponad 50 nazw miejscowości, które dzieli na okresy chronologiczne według czasu, kiedy powstały, oraz według pochodzenia (np. od szaty roślinnej, nazwisk mieszkańców czy też warsztatów rzemieślniczych). Zestawienie nazw stanowi interesującą informację dotyczącą ich pochodzenia, przy czym, jak to w konkluzji swego artykułu stwierdza Autor, w pierwszym okresie występują przede wszystkim nazwy wywodzące się od działalności człowieka, w drugim głównie od warunków biologicznych, a w dobie nowożytnej nazwy odosobowe, związane z jednostkami, grupami rodowymi, prawnymi bądź zawodowymi. Publikacja zawiera interesujące, nowe informacje dotyczące omawianego obszaru, ale niejednokrotnie mogące odnosić się do innych terenów.

9

Jednostki pomocnicze gmin w strukturze władz lokalnej w Polsce

51%

Ptak A.

Studia Administracyjne

|

2013

|

issue 5

63-77

XX

Sołectwa są jedną z najtrwalszych instytucji w polskim systemie polityczny samodzielność w określaniu zadań sołectw, co może być traktowane jako realizacja zasady subsydiarności. Z drugiej jednak strony przyjęty w 1990 roku model normatywny sołectwa marginalizuje te jednostki w lokalnym systemie władzy. Sołectw nie wyposażono w narzędzia, które gwarantowałyby im silną pozycję w zdecentralizowanej strukturze władzy publicznej. Inaczej przedstawia się pozycja i rola samego sołtysa. Choć formalnie jego rola w lokalnym systemie władzy również jest niewielka, to jednak w aspekcie politycznym sytuacja może być odwrotna. Umiejętne sprawowanie funkcji oraz walory osobiste sołtysa mogą z niego czynić ważnego aktora na lokalnej scenie politycznej.

10

Rozbój i sprawcy rozboju

45%

Łukaszewicz Z., Szymanowski T.

Archiwum Kryminologii

|

1960

|

issue I

215-239

EN

In the period immediately following the end robberies of the hostilities the number of recorded in polish police statistics was very high. In 1945 there were 26 471 robberies recorded, and 23 987 in 1946. As from 1947 onwards that number underwent a visible and considerable decrease, which found its expression in the figures of 10 231, 5224, 3018 and 2089 for the years 1947, 1948, 1949 and 1950 respectively. In later years, beginning with 1955, an increase in the number of robberies was once more recorded; that number reached the figure of 3185 in 1957. The coefficient of robberies (as per 100 000 of the inhabitants) amounted to 7.6 in 1954 and to 8.9 in 1958. The highest coefficients were recorded in the capital city of Warsaw, in Łódź, the second largest city in the country, in the voivodeship of Katowice and in the western voivodeships, consequently in industrial regions and areas with large numbers of inhabitants who had immigrated there from other parts of the country. While, in 1958, this coefficient for rural areas amounted to 4.6, in the cities and towns it was as high as 13.8, in cities of more than 200 000 inhabitants the same coefficient amounted to as much as 21.3. It ought to be noted that in the immediate post-war period, i.e. the years 1945 to 1946 the largest number of robberies were committed in rural areas, and a very big percentage of them consisted in armed robberies, committed by bands armed with firearms. By 1958 robberies committed arms in hand constituted a mere 10.4 per cent of the total number. The number of robberies involving manslaughter amounted to an average of 50 yearly in the years 1954 to 1958. Below we shall discuss the results of the examination of 302 judicial records concerning 474 perpetrators of robbery convicted in 1955; such examination has been undertaken in order to find out what robberies in recent period looked like and out of what kind of offenders their perpetrators were recruited. Investigation has comprised 63 per cent of all the persons convicted of robbery in 1955 by all the courts in the country; the rack of any selection in collecting such records allows us to treat the material collected as representative for robbery in Poland in this period. Our materials comprised 94.1 per cent of men and 5.9 per cent of women. 36.2 per cent of the perpetrators acted singly, 34.7 per cent of them - in twos, 17.3 per cent - in threes, and only 11.8 per cent in larger groups. 32,4 per cent of all the robberies were committed in the countryside, and 67.6 per cent of them - in the cities and towns, an overwhelming majority of them in cities of above 100 000 inhabitants. The perpetrators of robbery are, as a rule, young people: 69.5 per cent of those convicted of robbery were below 26 years of age. Only 13.2 per cent of the perpetrators were over 30. 78.3 per cent of the convicts lived in the cities and towns, 21.7 per cent of them - in the countryside; part of the offenders who now live in towns recruit from the rural population recently arrived in the towns. Part of the robberies in rural areas were perpetrated by persons recently living in towns, and who went to the country in order to perpetrate a robbery. Nearly all those convicted of robbery who lived in cities and towns figure in the records as workers (95.7 per cent of them), but 50 per cent of the perpetrators of robbery did not work in the period immediately preceding the commission of robbery. As far as the convicts who lived in the country are concerned, only 17.5 per cent of them have been recorded as farmers, while 77.7 per cent said they were workers. The percentage of non-working persons is high, as it amounts to 37.8 per cent. The perpetrators of robbery have had plenty of criminal experience behind them. In spite of the lack of complete data covering the period up to 17 years of age it appears that out of 474 perpetrators of robbery 320 had already committed at least one criminal offence in the past. The percentage of recidivism in this sense of the word consequently amounts to 67.5 per cent. The data concerning the criminal past of these 320 offenders present the following picture: 60.3 per cent of those convicted of robbery had committed one or two offences in the past, 20.6 per cent - three or four offences, 19.1 per cent - five or more offences. When we analyze the kinds of offences previously committed by the 320 recidivists, we are in a position to select the following groups among them: a) 22.3 per cent of the recidivists had already committed robberies in the past, along with other offences, which, as a rule, were thefts; b) 42 per cent of the recidivists had committed only thefts in the past; c) 10.6 per cent of them committed mostly thefts, but also offences against authorities and offices, as weII as injury to the body (acting from hooligan motives); d) 14.8 per cent committed almost exclusively offences of a hooligan character; e) 10.8 per cent of the recidivists committed various other offenses, not previously enumerated. As can be seen from the above, the criminal past of the perpetrators of robbery is far from uniform, while with the majority dominate of the recidivists there, offences against property, nearly all of them thefts (74 per cent). A very large majority of the recidivists were town-dwellers (84.5 per cent), 58.6 per cent of the recidivists were under 26 years of age, but the share of recidivists among the perpetrators of robbery increases in the older age groups. Among the convicts aged from 26 to 30 years there were 70.7 per cent of recidivists, among those aged 31 to 40 years – 75.5 per cent of recidivists. Thus the majority of the older perpetrators of robbery consists of recidivists. Very essential are the differences which occur between the robberies committed in the towns and those committed in rural areas. A typical town robbery is perpetrated with the use of violence (86 per cent), which, as a rule, boils down to the aggressor beating up his victim. The place where robberies take place are, in 56 per cent of the cases, streets, squares and parks, in 12.4 per cent of the cases - suburban groves, fields while it only in exceptional cases that we have to do with assaults with the purpose of robbery at home (6.6 per cent), just like robberies of shops (7.1 per cent). On the other hand, robbery in the countryside is done with using violence (beating up) only in 46 per cent of the cases, and in 54 per cent of the cases with the use of threats, frequently supported with a show of weapons or mock-revolvers. The place where robberies are committed are roads, fields and forests in 52 per cent of the cases, and the dwelling or croft of the victim in 33 per cent. The value of the loss sustained by the victim did not exceed 500 zlotys in 37 per cent of the cases in towns and 30 per cent of the cases in the countryside. Robberies in which the victims sustained big losses exceeding 5000 zlotys amounted to only 7.1 per cent in the towns and to 22.6 per cent in the countryside. It should be added that in the robberies involving the use of violence (73 per cent of the total number of robberies) it was only in 22 per cent of the cases, both in town and country, that the victims sustained more serious bodily harm, which caused serious injury of the body. In the remaining cases we have to do with beating up, causing only sight injury of the body, or even merely an infringement of bodily inviolability. As for the towns, special attention is deserved by the numerous category of robberies on passers-by (55.4 per cent of the total) perpetrated, without any previous planning, in the streets, in the evening or at night, as a rule, by young men in a state of ebriety, 61 per cent of whom had already been punished by the law-courts previously. An interesting fact is that, in the towns, really only one-third of the robberies comprised by the material under investigation can be described as having previously planned and prepared. For, indeed, with, part of the robberies classified as the planned ones we have to do with offenders with whom the intention of committing offence has arisen in special circumstances, after having met a drunken individual in a restaurant. After thus striking acquaintance and, usually, a common consumption of alcohol such offenders entice their victim to some out-of-the-way place (frequently with the participation of women), where, after severely beating up their victim, they rob him of money, watch, etc. Among such offenders there is also a very large percentage of recidivists, as well as of young individuals who systematically abuse alcohol. Research on robbery brings to light the importance of the problem of young adult delinquents. 69.5 per cent of the perpetrators of robbery are below 25 years of age. The majority of them are recidivists who, in spite of their youth, mix with a criminal environment and refuse to do any work. The remaining ones, who constitute about 40 per cent of the total number, are to be sure, individuals not previously punished by the law-courts and seemingly leading a normal life, but highly demoralized, with a clearly hooligan attitude; all of them systematically abuse alcohol. With regard to such juvenile offenders it is indispensable to apply a special penitentiary policy, based on Borstal principles.

11

Powiat ostrołęcki w guberni łomżyńskiej

45%

Dobroński A. C.

Zeszyty Naukowe Ostrołęckiego Towarzystwa Naukowego

|

2022

|

vol. zeszyt

|

issue XXXVI

110-125

EN

In the Ostrołęcki region, which belongs to Łomża Province, consisted of the town of Ostrołęka, three settlements (Czerwin, Goworowo, Myszyniec) and 11 municipalities (Czerwin, Dylewo, Goworowo, Myszyniec, Nakły, Nasiadki, Piski, Rzekuń, Szczawin, Troszyn, Wach). These congregations can be divided inaccurately into peasant (Kurpie) and petty-noble communities, but also the manors (the economic situation of large estates deteriorated) and the inhabitants of the Mosaic faith, who predominate in the cities, must be taken into account. I checked the municipalities and settlements on the basis of data published in 1891 by the Statistical Committee of Warsaw. Larger farms were owned by petty nobles, while the value of houses inhabited by peasants was estimated much higher. We still know too little about aristocratic relations, especially in the villages inhabited by both communities. In the years described, the agricultural crisis hampered the changes in the economy, and the socio-cultural upswing in the Kurpie villages was still weak. To the statistical data with commentaries, I have attached excerpts from an unpublished article by Prof. Juliusz Łukasiewicz, who presented the economic chang es in Gub. Lomżyńska in the years 1870-1904. The region of Ostrołęka had many characteristics: a low percentage of arable land and poor soils, and a high percentage of meadows; on average, larger farms; slow replacement of agricultural equipment; negligence in drainage and commassation work; the maintenance of the breeding of domestic animals and domestic birds, higher proportion of potato cultivation, also on fallow land in the system of tripod buckets. During this period, the town of Ostrołęka seems to have had little influence on the transformation of rural areas, especially in the more remote municipalities.

PL

W powiecie ostrołęckim, wchodzącym w skład gub. łomżyńskiej, znajdowały się: miasto Ostrołęka, trzy osady (Czerwin, Goworowo, Myszyniec) oraz 11 gmin (Czerwin, Dylewo, Goworowo, Myszyniec, Nakły, Nasiadki, Piski, Rzekuń, Szczawin, Troszyn, Wach). Gminy te można podzielić nieprecyzyjnie na chłopskie (kurpiowskie) i drobnoszlacheckie, a ponadto uwzględnić należy folwarki (pogarszała się kondycja ekonomiczna wielkiej własności) i mieszkańców wyznania mojżeszowego dominujących w miasteczkach. Dokonałem przeglądu gmin i osad, wykorzystując dane opublikowane przez Warszawski Komitet Statystyczny w 1891 r. Większe obszarowo gospodarstwa posiadała drobna szlachta, natomiast wyżej oszacowano wartość domów mieszkalnych zamieszkałych przez chłopów. Wciąż wiemy zbyt mało o relacjach włościańsko-szlacheckich, zwłaszcza we wsiach zamieszkałych przez obie społeczności, a tych przybywało. W opisanych latach kryzys agrarny utrudniał wprowadzanie zmian w sposobie gospodarowania i słabo jeszcze zaznaczało się ożywienie społeczno-kulturowe we wsiach kurpiowskich. Do danych statystycznych, opatrzonych komentarzami, dołączyłem fragmenty nieopublikowanego artykułu prof. Juliusza Łukasiewicza, który zaprezentował przemiany ekonomiczne w gub. łomżyńskiej w latach 1870-1904. Na tle całej guberni pow. ostrołęcki wykazywał wiele cech charakterystycznych: mały procent gruntów ornych i słabe gleby, a duży udział łąk; przeciętnie większe obszarowo gospodarstwa; powolne tempo wymiany narzędzi i sprzętów rolniczych; zaniedbania w pracach melioracyjnych i komasacji; dbałość o hodowlę zwierząt i ptactwa domowego, wyższy udział upraw ziemniaków, także na ugorach w systemie trójpolówki. Wydaje się, że w tym okresie miasto Ostrołęka w niewielkim stopniu wpływało na przemiany na terenach wiejskich, zwłaszcza w bardziej oddalonych gminach.

Refine search results

Elektryczność w służbie władzy i ludzi. Elektryfikacja wsi Pomorza Zachodniego w pierwszym ćwierćwieczu po drugiej wojnie światowej

Gyvenamųjų vietovių vardai – nematerialusis šalies kultūros paveldas

SPATIAL AND LANDSCAPE CHANGES IN THE HOUSING DEVELOPMENT OF GDAŃSK SUBURBAN VILLAGES

Matar and metron in papyri: The Greek origin of an Arabic measure

Regulace vesnického osídlení a krajiny ve středověké a novověké severní Evropě

Olsztyńskie „Dzikie Pola”. Rabunek i dewastacja wsi na Warmii i Mazurach przez wojska sowieckie w latach 1945–1948

Z zagadnień aktywności fizycznej, zdrowia, promocji zdrowia i higieny na wsi w Polsce do 1939 roku

Z badań nad nazwami miejscowymi na pograniczu Puszczy Białej

Jednostki pomocnicze gmin w strukturze władz lokalnej w Polsce

Rozbój i sprawcy rozboju

Powiat ostrołęcki w guberni łomżyńskiej