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EN
The author presents methods of cleaning murals, and introduces a division into mechanical and liquid varieties. He explains the nature of the methods in question and concentrates on physico-chemical types. The article discusses the impact of organic solvents and characteristic groups of the latter as well as their application. The author advises how to choose suitable solvents and their mixtures by resorting to the J. R Teas triangular diagram. He subsequently examines the effect of water and water solutions such as detergents, acids, enzymes and alkalines upon the substance to be removed. Finally, he proposals the use of absorbents and solvent carriers as substances assisting in the process of cleaning.
EN
With almost 20% of the world’s natural gas reserves and more than 6% of the world’s oil reserves, Russia’s economic development is based on the production and export of hydrocarbons. This article is an excerpt from a diagnostic and analytical study of Russia’s energy resources, which, with the help of pipelines, shapes the market of consumers, influencing their attitudes and behaviour in line with its interests. The series of sanctions imposed on the Russian Federation after 24 February 2022, in connection with the full-scale aggression against Ukraine, poses the question of the future of the Russian energy sector and an alternative to the hydrocarbon market there. The author reconstructed bilateral energy relations between the People’s Republic of China and the Russian Federation by analysing the history, current situation and making predictions about the potential future of bilateral cooperation in the light of the reduction of Russian energy presence in Europe. The article has been expanded to include an update on the state of bilateral relations in the first half of 2023.
PL
Artykuł jest poświęcony zasobom energetycznym Rosji, która za pomocą rurociągów kształtuje rynek odbiorców, a także - zgodnie ze swoimi interesami - wpływa na ich postawy i działania. W związku z inwazją na Ukrainę 24 lutego 2022 r. i sankcjami nałożonymi na Federację Rosyjską istotne jest pytanie o przyszłość rosyjskiego sektora energetycznego i alternatywę dla tamtejszego rynku węglowodorów. Autor opisał bilateralne relacje na rynku energii między Chińską Republiką Ludową a Federacją Rosyjską. Celem artykułu jest analiza historii tej współpracy, jej stanu obecnego oraz dokonanie predykcji jej rozwoju w związku z ograniczeniami rosyjskiej obecności na europejskim rynku energetycznym.
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