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PL
A dialogue Concerning the Notion of Service in Polish Civil Law: the Legal Nature of Accomplishment of Service Summary This paper is the second part of an article constructed on the basis of a dialogue between J.M. Łukasiewicz and M. Antas. The authors attempt to answer the question whether a service is a factual action or a legal action. Next they present the problem of services against a historical background i.e. in Roman Law, in the German and Roman system, and in Polish law. Finally they discuss the question of the causality of legal actions.
EN
In the case of public procurement, the non-possession of the required decision by the contractor by the law and the terms of the proceedings results in the exclusion of the contractor from the award procedure and rejection of its off er. In this case, the public contract is not concluded. Public procurement are contracts concluded in conditions where it is difficult to talk about the implementation of the principle of freedom of contract. It remains to be determined what effect would be caused by the lack, on the part of the contractor, of the empowerment decisions required by law, if the contract were concluded under conditions of freedom of contract.
EN
This paper has been constructed on the basis of a dialogue between J.M. Łukasiewicz and M. Antas. In its first part the authors explain the notion of behaviour that satisfies a creditor’s interest which deserves legal protection and its relation to the notion of behaviour consistent with the content of an obligation, on the example of provisions concerning the valorisation of a service. They point out the inconsistency of the notions of due service and undue service under Article 410 of the Polish Civil Code. They also argue that every service leads to a benefit. Their discussion is concluded by an open question: to which category should the execution of a service be attributed – factual actions or legal actions?
EN
The article focuses on the problem of representation of the Catholic Church legal entities in conducting legal actions. The authors present the canon law and state law acts regulating the organization of Catholic Church legal entities and different ways of their representation. The main purpose of the article is to explain the idea of reception of canon law to the civil law as a foundation for recognition of the principles of representation Church legal entities by state authorities. Consequently, the authors try to present the main directions of the Supreme Court decisions regarding the issue of representation of Church legal entities, especially the impact of improper representation on the validity of legal actions. Finally, there are numerous quotations of different scholars regarding the effectiveness of the internal Church legal actions in the civil law sphere. This serves the authors of the article to show the possible directions of law development to protect the market participants conducting legal activities with Catholic Church legal entities.
PL
W artykule zwrócono uwagę na problematykę reprezentacji osób prawnych Kościoła katolickiego w dokonywaniu czynności prawnych. Autorzy przedstawiają akty prawa kanonicznego i państwowego regulujące organizację osób prawnych Kościoła katolickiego oraz różne sposoby ich reprezentacji. Głównym celem artykułu jest wyjaśnienie idei recepcji prawa kanonicznego do prawa cywilnego jako podstawy uznania zasad reprezentacji kościelnych podmiotów prawnych przez organy państwowe. W związku z tym autorzy starają się przedstawić główne kierunki orzecznictwa Sądu Najwyższego dotyczące problematyki reprezentacji kościelnych osób prawnych, a zwłaszcza wpływu niewłaściwej reprezentacji na ważność czynności prawnych. Wreszcie liczne są cytaty różnych badaczy dotyczące skuteczności wewnętrznych kościelnych działań prawnych w sferze prawa cywilnego. Służy to autorom artykułu ukazaniu możliwych kierunków rozwoju prawa chroniącego uczestników rynku prowadzących działalność prawną z osobami prawnymi Kościoła katolickiego.
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