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Raport
|
2020
|
vol. 15
281-297
EN
The article presents the results of archaeological research carried out at the site of a former World War I cemetery (1915) in connection with the construction of the S8 road. As a result of the research, 27 graves containing the remains of 32 people were discovered. In 10 graves, soldiers of the Russian army were buried, in 7 – soldiers of the German army, and in the remaining 10 graves no equipment was found by the skeletons that would allow for their identification. 347 artefacts related to uniforms and military equipment were found in the graves.
EN
The article discusses issues relating to the way a state fulfils its obligation to protect war graves and cemeteries; the obligation is determined by international law of armed conflict, supported by international regulations pertaining to the protection of cultural (historical) heritage. It is also reflected in national regulations on identifying the graves that should have war status, which indicate the forms of such protection and the responsibilities of the appropriate agencies. Detailed arrangements for co-operation are also formulated in the bilateral agreements concluded by the states concerned. References to archival and current legislation show the process of formation of the current system of care for military graves. The article also presents an analysis and criticism of measures adopted and implemented by the Republic of Poland, illustrated by examples of activities undertaken by central and local government institutions and organisations and by civic associations, as well as the specific nature of the work carried out in Poland by Volksbund Deutsche Kriegsgräberfürsorge e.V.
EN
The article deals with a little-known subject of the Italian Military Cemetery in Wrocław with the graves of soldiers from World War I. It is the only preserved Italian necropolis from that period in Poland. It was established in the 1920s in the District of Grabiszyn at the Italian Government’s suggestion. The cemetery includes the collective graves of Italian POWs who had died in German captivity in 1917–1919. The opening ceremony of this necropolis, together with its consecration, took place on November 2nd, 1928. The soldiers’ graves are situated in four sections located around a central point. They are also commemorated in the form of an obelisk. Between 1943 and 1945 another 48 victims of World War II were buried, among them some Italian POWs and a number of civilians. In 1957 their remains were exhumed and transferred to the Italian Military Cemetery in Warsaw. The only graves which remain in Wrocław were the graves of the World War I soldiers, among others of those who fought at Caporetto, the battle which started their prisoners’ way, finally ending in Polish Wroclaw.
EN
Almost 200 places of burial of soldiers of both annies fighting in the First World War have survived in the region of Łódż. They include cemeteries and cemetery Sections where soldiers fighting in the so-called battle of Łódż, which took place in 1914, found their last resting place. One of these cemeteries is in Szadkowice, and even though it does not really stand out from other resting places of the battle of Łódż soldiers, it deserves our attention. The cemetery in Szadkowice located on the edge of the forest survived the interwar period, when many mass graves were liquidated and bodies exhumed to nearby cemeteries. The original number of 21 buried bodies grew then to nearly 180, and the cemetery became a mass grave of Germans, Russians and Austro-Hungarians and kind of lapidarium.
EN
After heavy fights between German, Austro-Hungarian and Russian armies in November-December 1914, a dozen or so war cemeteries were created in the vicinity of Szadek. One of such places is the war cemetery in Szadkowice, which still exists today. Initially 21 soldiers were buried there, but after exhumations and closing down of several other war cemeteries, about 200 more bodies were moved to Szadkowice. Along with the remains of the soldiers, tombstones from other necropolises were moved to the Szadkowice war cemetery. Until now, only 60 tombstones have survived in the Szadkowice cemetery, and only 33 of them have inscriptions. Based on these inscriptions the author of the article made an attempt to identify the killed soldiers and to find out in which units they served and where they lived or were born.
PL
W okresie listopada–grudnia 1914 r. na ziemi szadkowskiej doszło do zaciekłych walk między armiami Niemiec, Austro-Węgier oraz Rosji. W ich efekcie powstało w okolicach Szadku kilkanaście cmentarzy i kwater wojennych, na których pochowano poległych żołnierzy. Jednym z takich miejsc jest istniejący do dzisiaj cmentarz wojenny w Szadkowicach. Początkowo na jego terenie spoczęło 21 żołnierzy, jednak wskutek ekshumacji i likwidacji innych cmentarzy wojennych ostatecznie pogrzebano tam ok. 200 poległych. Wraz ze szczątkami żołnierzy na cmentarz w Szadkowicach trafiły także pomniki nagrobne ze zlikwidowanych nekropolii. Do czasów współczesnych zachowało się na szadkowickim cmentarzu jedynie 60 takich obiektów, przy czym na zaledwie 33 z nich znajdują się jakiekolwiek inskrypcje. Opierając się na napisach z nagrobków autor artykułu podjął próbę zidentyfikowania poległych żołnierzy i ustalenia na podstawie zachowanych dokumentów, w jakich jednostkach służyli, gdzie się urodzili i mieszkali, czy mieli rodzinę.
PL
W artykule skonfrontowano obowiązujące przepisy prawa ze stanem faktycznym opieki nad zabytkowymi cmentarzami. Niniejsze opracowanie przedstawia analizę norm prawnych w zakresie ochrony zabytkowych nekropolii; koncentruje się na charakterystyce zabytkowych obiektów – cmentarzy oraz wskazuje na normy prawne, których zadaniem jest ochrona dziedzictwa kulturowego. Zwrócono uwagę na kwestie postępowania i opis procedur związanych z objęciem ochroną zabytkowych nekropolii, a także wyszczególniono instytucje odpowiedzialne za sprawowanie tej ochrony i zakres ich zadań. Podkreślono znaczenie ochrony zabytkowych obiektów – cmentarzy jako ochrony wartości, jakimi są dziedzictwo narodowe oraz tożsamość narodowa, prawna opieka nad zabytkowymi cmentarzami nie skupia się bowiem wyłącznie na ochronie miejsc pochówku ze względu na poszanowanie zwłok i w hołdzie zmarłym zasłużonym ojczyźnie, ale na równi dba o dziedzictwo kulturowe i otacza ochroną zabytkowe obiekty nekropolii o dużej wartości artystycznej, historycznej i kulturowej. Nie pominięto również problematyki opieki nad zabytkowymi polskimi cmentarzami położonymi poza granicami Rzeczpospolitej Polskiej, a także źródeł finansowania renowacji zabytkowych obiektów oraz charakterystyki cmentarzy, które pełnią rolę wyjątkowych muzeów.
EN
The article confronts the current legal regulations with the actual state of guardianship of historic cemeteries. This study presents an analysis of legal norms in the field of protection of historic necropolises; it focuses on the characteristics of historic cemetery objects and indicates the legal norms whose task is to protect cultural heritage. Attention was drawn to the issues of proceeding and description of procedures related to the protection of historic necropolises, as well as the institutions responsible for the protection and the scope of their tasks. The importance of the protection of historic cemetery objects as a protection of values such as national heritage and identity was emphasized, as the legal care of historic cemeteries is not only focused on the pro¬tection of burial sites due to the respect for the bodies and in tribute to the deceased with merits for their homeland, but also takes care of cultural heritage and protects historic necropolis objects of high artistic, historical and cultural value. The issues concerning the protection of historical Polish cemeteries located outside the borders of the Republic of Poland, as well as sources of funding for the renovation of historic buildings and the characteristics of cemeteries, which serve as exceptional museums, were also taken into account.
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