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EN
The article examines the war poetry and letters of Witold Hulewicz, who was aprominent figure in Polish culture. Drawing mainly on the examples published in Kurier Poznański, Dziennik Poznański and Zdrój, Ianalyse the ways in which the author struggles with the experience of war. This paper addresses also the question of how the same reality of war is described by ayoung soldier in letters to his beloved mother and how it is done by apoet, taking his first steps toward aliterary career. How does Witold/Olwid describe the landscapes of war-torn Belgium? Can his voice be considered the voice of an entire generation of young soldiers fighting on the Western Front during the Great War?
EN
The paper analyzes the collection of the Northern Irish poet Frank Ormsby entitled A Northern Spring published in 1986. On the basis of selected poems, the author of this paper aims to examine the poet’s reflections about World War II, the lives of the soldiers, and the things that remain after a military combat, which are both physical and illusive. The poems included in the volume present the author’s reflections upon the senselessness of war and dying, short lives of the soldiers, the awareness of their own meaninglessness in comparison to the broader picture, and the contradictory and desperate need to be remembered nevertheless. They also show what is left of the soldiers and the war, as well as how life goes on, with or without them.
EN
The aim of the article is to analyze the language of the Soviet propaganda posters from the Second World War period, containing the poetic commentary of the members of the Moscow TASS Agency. The research reveals the main means of persuasion used in the poems. The subject of the analysis is the phenomenon of spreading ideas in two basic social spheres that occurred in the Soviet Union during the war period, which include people who took direct part in military actions, and Soviet citizens who provided the army with all the necessary materials. Texts addressed to potential soldiers contained a direct call to defend the homeland and family. Their most important manipulative tools were emotional arguments and the technique of stereotyping the enemy. Ideas and personal patterns were instilled in the minds of the fighters with various linguistic manipulation techniques. The propaganda referenced to the belongingness need. Different propaganda techniques were used in poems targeted at people behind the lines of hostilities. The authors of the texts of TASS Windows used colloquial language, comprehensible to a wide audience. They created a vision of a world divided into two opposite poles and referred to respected authorities or raised new role models. The propaganda of the victory also required different techniques of information manipulation. The TASS Windows present the unique contribution of the Soviet poets to the action of the mobilization ofsociety to take part in the fight against the German aggressor.
PL
Burzliwa historia Polski i walk niepodległościowych narodu polskiego znalazła swoje odbicie w narodowej literaturze i sztuce. W celu określenia językowych wyznaczników narodowych wartości zakodowanych w poezji wojennej (tzw. tyrtejskiej) poddano badaniu zbiór liryki autorstwa lotników walczących w polskich dywizjonach w Wielkiej Brytanii. Poezja lotnicza ze względu na uwarunkowania bojowe, społeczne i polityczne różni się od poezji legionowej czy powstańczej. Konotuje ona zestaw uniwersalnych motywów, symboli, słów kluczy i wartości, które okazują się wspólne, ale posiada też swoiste, typowe dla niej: przestrzeń, ocean, ptaki, lot, skrzydło, biało-czerwona szachownica, tęsknota, zdrada. Pełna poświęceń walka za wolność Ojczyzny i świata kończy się polityczną zdradą, wykluczeniem z Parady Zwycięstwa w Londynie, społecznym odrzuceniem i niemożnością powrotu do Polski, czemu poeci dają wyraz w utworach implikujących silne emocje: gniew, frustrację, gorycz rozczarowania i rozżalenie. Podsumowując, analiza językowych wykładników wartości narodowych obecnych w analizowanym zbiorze poezji wojennej dowiodła jednolitości polskiej tożsamości narodowej i uniwersalności narodowego systemu aksjologicznego.
EN
The period of the German occupation, the ‘Böhmen und Mähren’ Protectorate and World War II constitutes a specific cultural, social, intellectual, as well as emotional and affective ’space’ of confrontation with extreme states and experiences — which are then variously articulated and shapes by art, as well as reflected in art theory and philosophy of art. The current debate on the crisis of humanism and the newly aroused theoretical interest in anthropological, philosophical and aesthetic phenomena such as affectivity, pathos, and the performativity and mediality of emotions and affects, puts into a new light also the issue of the relationship between art and violence in Czech art, and in particular poetry, of the wartime period. Our main question in this context is: How should one explain that even amongst the horrors of war, occupation, and brutal violence, in confrontation with inhumanity, cruelty and suffering, highly impressive aesthetic works are created? Can the unimaginable be represented? The authors seek to provide at least a partial answer by presenting an analysis of the wartime poetry of Jan Zahradníček from his Korouhve, especially of his Žalm roku dvaačtyřicátého (Psalm of ’42).
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