Full-text resources of CEJSH and other databases are now available in the new Library of Science.
Visit https://bibliotekanauki.pl

Results found: 4

first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last

Search results

Search:
in the keywords:  war refugees
help Sort By:

help Limit search:
first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last
Mäetagused
|
2016
|
vol. 65
95-116
EN
This article analyses descriptions of journeys and the emergence of territorial and symbolic borders in autobiographical texts. Historically, the descriptions are related to migration caused by World War II and, to a lesser extent (or in connection with the war), the establishment of Soviet power in Estonia. The analysed life stories were narrated in the period from 1995 to 2011, and are stored in the “Estonian Life Stories” collection (EKLA f 350). The narrators were born in the late 1920s or early 1930s; at the time of the narrated events they were children, whose migration was not so much dependent on the historical situation, but the life, choices, and decisions of their parents and relatives. The theoretical starting point for analysing the texts is border poetics: How is the border depicted in narratives? How are different borders (territorial, state, cultural borders, the front line, symbolic borders in narrator’s changed status and self-image) intertwined in the narrative? The narrators describe their journeys from Estonia to Germany, Finland, or Sweden, but no state borders are specified in the stories. Border crossing is revealed through signs, which could be generally described as safe and dangerous areas. The riskier or the more conflicting to the usual situation the experience was, the more detailed is its description. However, the narrator describes a process, which is why the conflict (and the focus of the description) does not have to be concentrated in just the one moment of crossing the border. References to the border may emerge as indirect signs, for example, visually. German towns are described as being either in ruins or intact from the battles; descriptions of Stockholm point out its lit windows in contrast to the darkened windows of the wartime Estonia. Border-related signs are also disclosed in people’s behaviour or attitudes. For example, the problems of the inhabitants of Sweden, which was untouched by the war, seemed trivial to those escaping from the war. Symbolic borders also emerge in the changed status of the narrator as the main character of the story; for instance, upon arrival in another country an active person turns passive, into an observer and an object of other people’s actions, and then changes again into an active one, who makes decisions on shaping his or her fate in the new country of residence. The border-poetic approach enables to view the narratives of people who escaped to the West during World War II not so much from the historical or memory-theoretical aspect as from the aspect of narration of borders. This makes it possible to place the topic of the 1944 flight into a more general panorama of escaping and crossing the border.
EN
The Act of March 12, 2022 on Assistance to Citizens of Ukraine in Connection with Armed Conflict on the Territory of Ukraine introduced the possibility of establishing temporary custody for minor citizens of Ukraine who - following the war in their home country - found themselves on the territory of the Republic of Poland without the protection of adults (Article 25 of the Law). The author seeks to determine what are the grounds for the application of the above-mentioned provisions of Polish law to Ukrainian citizens while examining the grounds for asserting the domestic jurisdiction of Polish courts in temporary custody cases.Despite the existence of a 1993 bilateral agreement in Polish-Ukrainian relations, which contains conflict-of-law rules on applicable law and jurisdiction, the 1996 Hague Convention on Parental Responsibility, to which both Poland and Ukraine are parties, takes precedence in guardianship cases. Article 6 of this convention stipulates that for the children who, due to disturbances occurring in their country, are internationally displaced, the authorities of the country on the territory of which these children are present as a result of their displacement have jurisdiction. Article 15 of the Hague Convention, on the other hand, stipulates that the authority that has jurisdiction applies its own law.The author notes, however, that the Polish legislator has not referred to the abovementioned conflict rules justifying the jurisdiction of Polish courts and the jurisdiction of Polish law, but seems to treat the provisions on temporary custody as the international mandatory rules (lois l’application immédiate). It is also unfortunate that Article 25 of the Act refers to Polish law with regard to the premise of a minor present in Poland unaccompanied by “responsible adults.” However, the author contends that the point of reference here must be Polish conflict of laws (and not family law), which leads to the conclusion that the determination of who is responsible for the child should be determined on the basis of Ukrainian law.
EN
After September 1, 1939 and the German invasion of Poland, the Vilnius Region, and especially Vilnius, a wave of tens of thousands of refugees, mainly Poles, but also Polish citizens of Jewish and Belarusian nationality and a few Lithuanians, arrived. From the very beginning, thanks to the numerous grassroots initiatives of the inhabitants of Vilnius, help was organized for them, which was also provided by the Lithuanian state and the Lithuanian Red Cross. Their activities were supported financially and materially by international organizations. Only in Vilnius, at least 10 social aid organizations were established, which functioned with varying degrees of success until the official liquidation in December 1940 by the authorities of the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic
PL
Po 1 września 1939 r. i napaści niemieckiej na Polskę, na Wileńszczyznę, a szczególnie do Wilna napłynęła kilkudziesięciotysięczna fala uchodźców, głównie Polaków, ale również obywateli polskich narodowości żydowskiej i białoruskiej oraz nielicznych Litwinów. Od początku, dzięki licznym oddolnym inicjatywom mieszkańców Wilna, organizowano dla nich pomoc, którą niosło również państwo litewskie i Litewski Czerwony Krzyż. Ich działalność wspierały finansowo i materialnie organizacje międzynarodowe. Tylko w Wilnie powołano co najmniej 10 społecznych organizacji pomocowych, które z różnym powodzeniem funkcjonowały do oficjalnej likwidacji w grudniu 1940 r. przez władze Litewskiej Socjalistycznej Republiki Radzieckiej.
PL
Dzieje polskiego uchodźstwa wojennego w Turcji w okresie 1939-1945 stanowią mało znany, lecz ważny epizod relacji polsko-tureckich. Analizując je, najczęściej zwraca się uwagę na polskich inżynierów lotnictwa, którzy w trudnych, wojennych czasach objęli kierownicze stanowiska w nowo powstałej Fabryce Samolotów Tureckiego Stowarzyszenia Lotniczego w Etimesgut pod Ankarą (Türk Hava Kurumu Etimesgut Uçak Fabrikası). Turcy liczyli na rozwijanie swojego przemysłu, a Polacy na kontynuowanie prac w przyszłości, w niepodległej ojczyźnie. Bezsprzecznie był to ważny epizod w relacjach między obu krajami. Należy jednak zwrócić uwagę na fakt, że w omawianym okresie liczni polscy specjaliści zostali zatrudnieni w różnych dziedzinach gospodarki tureckiej. Miejscowy rząd udzielał im natychmiastowej zgody na podjęcie pracy, a nawet nadawał tureckie obywatelstwo, aby umożliwić im bezpieczną podróż do Turcji przez obszary należące do państw Osi lub przez nie okupowane. Z kolei polska emigracja wojskowa wykorzystywała Turcję jako terytorium tranzytowe. Dzięki życzliwości władz tureckich przez ich ziemie mogli być transportowani polscy wojskowi, cywile, a także złoto i zaopatrzenie. Nad Bosfor trałfiy także ważne postacie polskiej przedwojennej sceny politycznej. W artykule tym pominięto kwestię Polaków z Polonezköy (dawnego Adampola, polskiej wsi pod Stambułem), którzy stanowili emigrację dziewiętnastowieczną, a także losy Żydów z Polski, dla których Turcja stanowiła kraj tranzytowy na drodze do Palestyny.
first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last
JavaScript is turned off in your web browser. Turn it on to take full advantage of this site, then refresh the page.