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EN
Bituminous pigments — asphalt, Kassel earth, Cologne earth, Van Dyck brown and mummy — were employed from the beginning of our era up to the end of the nineteenth century. During the twentieth century and in the face of changes occurring under their impact in the nondrying layer of the painting, these pigments were almost totally excluded from the palette. Nonetheless, many paintings in which the original layer underwent numerous transformations, have survived up to our times. Changes in the painting layer which contains bituminous pigments cause darkening, fluence, wrinkling, fissures, the emergence of islets in the painting layer („crocodile hide”) and a network of small surface cracks. A survey conducted among conservators made it possible to distinguish three basic methods of treating mechanical changes in the painting layer: prevention, the use of solvents and the application of heat. Prophylactic operations (the assurance of suitable temperature and moisture) which could halt or hinder progressing transformations should be also kept in mind.
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