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EN
Polish provisions on waste, following the example of EU regulations, lay down specific requirements relating to the handling of “hazardous waste”. These requirements, contained directly in the Act on waste of December 2012, are quite general in nature and are supplemented by requirements constructed in specific provisions. The analyses conducted in this study refer only to some general provisions of the Act on waste and concern selected problems that arise in the practice of applying these provisions. The main ones are the application of Art. 5 of the Act (prohibition of reclassification by mixing hazardous waste) to hazardous waste treatment processes and the application of Art. 21 sec. 1 of the Act on waste (no hazardous waste mixing) for hazardous waste treatment processes. Consequently, the issues analysed are encapsulated in the following questions 1) Can hazardous waste be subjected to recovery processes, especially recycling?; 2) In such processes, may operations be used that consist in mixing waste?; 3) Do the provisions of Art. 5 of the Act on waste relate to such process; 4) If such process do relate to Art. 5 of this Act, what is the relationship between Art. 5 and art. 21 sec. 1 of the Act? The main conclusion is that neither the provision of Art. 5 of the Act on waste nor the provision of Art. 21 sec. 1 of the Act apply to the mixing of hazardous waste carried out in the processes of their processing as an integral part of these processes.
EN
A commune has the right to freely shape the communal waste collection system in relation to owners of uninhabited real estate where communal waste is generated. In the event that a resolution regarding this matter is passed on by a commune council, a property owner has the option of being excluded from the system. Such an exclusion obliges the owner of the property to conclude a contract with the communal organisational unit collecting communal waste. The implementation of this statutory obligation imposed on property owners is subject to control by a head of commune, mayor or a president of a city.
EN
The article investigates the theme of waste in Kacper Bartczak’s poetry volume Pokarm suweren [The Sovereign Food]. An introduction outlining the cultural contexts prefaces the interpretation proper; those contexts are filled with visions of waste dominant in global imagination. The said interpretation touches upon the issue of subjectivity in the poems, the understanding of which is conditional upon are contexts of moving and transforming characteristic of the lifecycle of waste in various spaces. Other notions interpreted herein are language interceptions frequent in the volume along with Bartczak’s “notional recycling.” Within the mentioned waste contexts, the author of the article also places the problem of political and social resounding of the discussed poems.
EN
The article investigates the theme of waste in Kacper Bartczak’s poetry volume Pokarm suweren [The Sovereign Food]. An introduction outlining the cultural contexts prefaces the interpretation proper; those contexts are filled with visions of waste dominant in global imagination. The said interpretation touches upon the issue of subjectivity in the poems, the understanding of which is conditional upon are contexts of moving and transforming characteristic of the lifecycle of waste in various spaces. Other notions interpreted herein are language interceptions frequent in the volume along with Bartczak’s “notional recycling.” Within the mentioned waste contexts, the author of the article also places the problem of political and social resounding of the discussed poems.
EN
In this study, the effectiveness of classical regression models to forecast the indicator of mass accumulation of waste was investigated. The economic and infrastructural variables were used as explanatory variables. The conducted studies show that applying regression models can produce forecasting models generating errors at an acceptable level although only for the municipalities of urban and urban-rural administrative type. For the models where the following were selected as explanatory variables: income indicator, mean number of persons living in a residential building, proportion of arable land in the structure of land use, percentage of buildings in the municipality covered by the waste collection scheme, and the functional type of municipality, the error in the forecast obtained for the test set amounted to 12%–14%. Using the same set of explanatory variables for the rural municipalities caused the models to display forecasting errors for the test set ranging from 35% to 50%. Also, applying another combination of input variables gathered in the course of the studies did not result in developing models of better quality. Therefore, further studies are necessary in the search for more effective methods or other variables describing the mass waste accumulation indicator in rural municipalities.
PL
W pracy badano przydatność klasycznych modeli regresyjnych do prognozowania wskaźnika nagromadzenia odpadów. Jako zmienne objaśniające wykorzystano wskaźniki ekonomiczne i infrastrukturalne. Z wykonanych badań wynika, że stosując modele regresyjne można opracować modele prognostyczne generujące błąd na akceptowalnym poziomie ale tylko dla gmin o typie administracyjnym miejskim i miejsko-wiejskim. Dla modeli, w których zmiennymi objaśniającymi były wskaźnik dochodu, średnią ilość osób zamieszkujących budynek mieszkalny, udział użytków rolnych w strukturze użytkowania, procent budynków w gminie objętych systemem zbiórki oraz typ funkcjonalny gminy uzyskano błąd prognozy dla zbioru testowego na poziomie 12–14%. Wykorzystanie tego samego zestawu zmiennych objaśniających dla gmin wiejskich spowodowało, że opracowane modele miały błąd prognozy dla zbioru testowego na poziomie 35–50%. Również wykorzystanie innej kombinacji zmiennych wejściowych zgromadzonych w trakcie badań nie umożliwiło opracowanie modelu lepszej jakości. Konieczne są więc dalsze badania w kierunku poszukiwania efektywniejszych metod lub innych zmiennych opisujących wskaźnik masowego nagromadzenia odpadów na terenach gmin wiejskich.
EN
The continuing growth and expansions incorporated with technology, has generated variations in tastes, behavior and demand. Thus the changes need management restructures to reduce the costs of adaptation. Lean principles as cost reduction orientated possess the sufficient elements to fix problems in order to reduce wastes and increase the values. The theory application can be used also in education sector in order to increase the quality and reduce the costs. Thus, the aim is to identify the improvidences (waste) and propose several applicable solutions. It is based on interviews and researches to the teachers working in private schools for at least 5 years. This study is being conducted in Private high school in Albania.
EN
The proposed bill strengthens the role of municipalities in deciding on waste management decisionmaking within their area. In the authors view, the bill does not violate the constitutional principles of the social market economy or free enterprise. The adoption of the proposed provisions may have considerable impact on the municipal waste collection market, therefore it is worth considering establishing of a longer period of “absence of laws” (vacatio legis) or adoption of the transitional provisions. It was pointed out that the concept of a predominant part of the activity in the field of public services for the local government units used in the bill is broader in scope than the requirement of more than 80% of activities set out in Directive 2014/24. This may lead to awarding a public contract without a competitive procedure to companies that do not meet the requirements of the Directive.
EN
„Responsible consumption and production”, „climatic action”, „life below water” and „life on land” – these four issues are only few examples of the sustainable development goals [Sustainable Development – Knowledge Platform] (https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org). To achieve them, however, one should take into consideration another goal – this is namely „quality education”. There is a need to support the process of teaching with practical experiences to awaken the curiosity. In the face of great anthropopression, here we suggest a classes scenario for the primary school students.
EN
The modification of the content of Article 6k, para. 4 of the Act on Maintaining Cleanliness and Order in Municipalities made by the above said amendment raised doubts about the possibility of introducing reductions of fees for municipal waste management for families with many children. Such reductions were granted by the councils of municipalities (cities) on the basis of the amended provision. The author also presents conclusions de lege ferenda introduced in the Polish legal system of provisions enabling the use of incentives for families with many children. The analysis covers in particular the provisions of the Act on the Charter of the Large Family.
PL
Ustawa o utrzymaniu czystości i porządku w gminach wprowadza w sprawie gospodarowania odpadami komunalnymi trzy kategorie opłat. Są to opłaty ustalane w drodze umowy, decyzji i uchwały. Celem opracowania jest charakterystyka opłaty ustalanej w formie uchwały, gdyż budzi ona wiele kontrowersji. Regulacje dotyczące tej opłaty były przedmiotem postępowania przed Trybunałem Konstytucyjnym.
EN
he act on maintaining cleanliness and order in municipalities introduces three categories of fees regarding the management of waste. These are the fees established by way of contract, decision, and resolution. The purpose of this paper is description of fees based on the form of the resolution because of its controversy. In fact, regulations concerning the fees were the subject of proceedings before the Constitutional Court.
EN
Municipalities are required to organise the collection of municipal waste from pro­perty owners where residents live. Amendments to the Act of 13 September 1996 on maintaining cleanliness and order in municipalities, which entered into force on 1 January 2012, made changes to the business responsible for collecting and transporting waste from property owners and the emptying of septic tanks and transportation of liquid waste. The amendment of the law replaced the requirement to register regulated activity only for businesses engaged in activities related to the collection of waste but left alone the required licensing of companies engaged in emptying septic tanks and transporting liquid waste. This decision is questionable from the point of view of the principle of proportionality in restricting the freedom of economic activity.
12
Content available remote

Waste: the debris of a post-political global society

80%
EN
The author gives some philosophical reflections on the issue of ever increasing amount of waste in the context of the believe that technology can solve any problem, while itself being one of the sources of the problem.
PL
Autor przedstawia pewne filozoficzne refleksje, dotyczące kwestii wciąż rosnącej ilości odpadów, w kontekście przekonania, że technologia może rozwiązać każdy problem, podczas gdy sama stanowi jedno ze źródeł problemu.
EN
The presented bill of amendment transposes the provisions of Directive 2019/904 of the European Parliament and of the Council (EU) on the reduction of the impact of certain plastic products on the environment into the Polish legal order. It provides for a ban on the marketing of single-use plastic products. Traders will be required to ensure the availability of reusable packaging or alternative packaging to single-use plastic products. It also introduces a number of requirements to be met by businesses marketing certain types of single-use plastic products. The author considers the proposed solutions to be reasonable and correct.
EN
The Act on Maintaining Cleanliness and Order in Communes provides the basis for choosing the method of determining the fee based on several criteria. It also states that a communal council may apply various criteria differentiating the rates of payment. According to the current case law of the Supreme Administrative Court, the communal council has no right to introduce an additional criterion – within the chosen method of determining the fee – i.e. a division of households into categories depending on the number of tenants. Though, it cannot be excluded that there is a possibility to differentiate the fee calculated as a product of the number of tenants in the given real estate and the sum of the fee when applying the number of tenants as a criterion of differentiation. It has to be stressed that the stance of acceptance of such differentiation may be questioned by supervisory authorities.
15
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

THE CONCEPT OF EXTRACTIVE WASTE

70%
EN
The analysis of the concept of extractive waste is the main point of this paper. This matter is interesting because it is connected both with the geological and mining law as well as with the “waste law” . In the first part of the paper some  remarks about the definition of waste from the Act on Waste are made . In this part the relation between the definition of waste and the definition of extractive waste, which can be found in the Act on Extractive Waste, is also presented . Afterwards other concepts used in the definition of extractive waste are analysed . Some exceptions in which provisions of the Act on Extractive Waste do not apply are discussed in the last part .
EN
The study compared the effectiveness of the rough set theory and artificial neural networks with respect to predicting the rate of waste mass accumulation for recipients in the areas of rural municipalities. Simulations were performed for two variants of input variables. The first of them used all economic, infrastructure and economic indicators as independent variables. The second case was limited only to those whose correlation with the class label attribute exceeded 0,2  and they included: population density, percentage of buildings in the municipality covered by the collection system, the rate of income, and agricultural area. The analysis showed that rough sets’ models generate comparable-quality forecasts of mass waste accumulation rate for rural municipalities, such as artificial neural networks. The developed models are characterized by a high forecast error of about 20%–27%. Further research is needed towards finding effective methods or other conditional attributes that describe the rate of mass accumulation of waste in the areas of rural municipalities.
PL
W pracy porównywano efektywność teorii zbiorów przybliżonych i sztucznych sieci neuronowych do prognozowania wskaźnika masowego nagromadzenia odpadów dla odbiorców na terenach gmin wiejskich. Symulacje wykonywano dla dwóch wariantów zmiennych wejściowych. W pierwszym z nich jako zmienne niezależne wykorzystano wszystkie zgromadzone wskaźniki ekonomiczne, infrastrukturalne i gospodarcze. W drugim natomiast ograniczono się tylko do tych, których korelacja z atrybutem decyzyjnym była powyżej 0,2 a były to: gęstość zaludnienia, procent budynków w gminie objętych systemem zbiórki, wskaźnik dochodu, powierzchnię użytków rolnych. Wykonane analizy pokazały, że modele zbiorów przybliżonych generują porównywalnej jakości prognozy wskaźnika masowego nagromadzenia odpadów dla gmin wiejskich jak sztuczne sieci neuronowe. Opracowane modele charakteryzowały się wysokim błędem prognozy na poziomie około 20–27%. Konieczne są więc dalsze badania w kierunku poszukiwania efektywniejszych metod lub innych atrybutów warunkowych opisujących wskaźnik masowego nagromadzenia odpadów na terenach gmin wiejskich.
PL
Dzięki zastosowaniu szczupłego zarządzania (LM - Lean Management) można znacząco usprawnić procesy opracowywania i wdrażania nowych produktów (NPD - New Product Development). U podstaw LM leży skuteczna eliminacja wszelkiego rodzaju marnotrawstwa. Poniżej przedstawiono zarys podejścia do analizy marnotrawstwa w procesach NPD, składającej się z trzech obszarów: (1) analizy przepływu procesu, opartej na mapowaniu strumieni wartości; (2) analizy wymagań w odniesieniu do opracowywanych produktów oraz procesów, opartej o narzędzia do identyfikacji i oceny wymagań stosowane w inżynierii systemów; (3) analizy zależności pomiędzy poszczególnymi rodzajami marnotrawstwa występujących w procesach NPD. Wykorzystanie podejścia LM w procesach NPD powinno umożliwić przedsiębiorstwom oferowanie produktów spełniających wymagania klientów w najkrótszym czasie przy najniższym koszcie, co tym samym będzie miało korzystny wpływ na ich pozycję konkurencyjną obecną i w przyszłości.
EN
The use of Lean Management (LM) allows for a significant increase in the effectiveness of New Product Development (NPD). LM focuses on elimination of all types of waste. Presented below is a general description of the approach to waste analysis in NPD processes consisting of three areas: (1) process flow analysis based on value stream mapping; (2) requirement analysis in relation to the products and processes being developed, based on the requirement analysis and identification tools used in systems engineering; (3) analysis of inter-dependencies between the individual types of waste occurring in NPD processes. The implementation of the LM approach in NPD processes should allow enterprises to offer products that fulfill customer requirements in the shortest time and at the lowest cost, which will translate into an improvement of their current and future competitive position
EN
The article contains a draft position of the Sejm relating to the application submitted by a city council to the Constitutional Tribunal. Contested provisions of the Act on Maintaining Cleanliness and Order in Municipalities adopted on 13 September 1996 provide for mandatory tender for the collection and management of municipal waste. Based on detailed analysis, author claim that Article 6d (1) and Article 6e of the contested Act do not violate the constitutional standard of autonomy of local government units and the European Charter of Local Self Government. In this draft position, she proposes to apply for discontinuance of the proceedings for other parts of the claim due to the inadmissibility of a judgment.
EN
Hospital management is an interdisciplinary issue, combining economic, technical, legal and IT aspects. The situation requires the application of complex management methods, which also include the concept of Lean Management (LM). The Lean Management concept applied in healthcare facilities is known as Lean Healthcare (LH) whereas in hospitals – Lean Hospitals. The aim of the article is to present the possibilities of using selected LM tools in improving the functioning of hospitals in the context of their sustainable development. The article focuses mainly on describing the advantages resulting from the application of the 5S method in hospitals, which contributes to saving hospital resources and to eliminating waste. This work is based mainly on secondary sources of information. The applied research methods such as Desk Research and non-participant observation confirmed the validity of using LM to improve the functioning of hospitals.
PL
Zarządzanie szpitalem jest zagadnieniem interdyscyplinarnym, łączącym w sobie aspekty ekonomiczne, techniczne, prawne i informatyczne, przez co wymaga stosowania złożonych metod zarządzania, do których zaliczyć można Lean Management (LM). Koncepcja LM zastosowana w placówkach ochrony zdrowia nosi nazwę Lean Healthcare, natomiast w szpitalach – Lean Hospitals. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie możliwości stosowania wybranych narzędzi LM w usprawnianiu funkcjonowania szpitali w kontekście ich zrównoważonego rozwoju. W artykule skoncentrowano się głównie na identyfikacji korzyści wynikających z zastosowania metody 5S w celu maksymalizacji oszczędności zasobów szpitali oraz eliminacji wszelkich form marnotrawstwa. W pracy wykorzystano głównie wtórne źródła informacji oraz zastosowano takie metody badawcze, jak: Desk Research oraz obserwacja nieuczestnicząca, które potwierdziły zasadność stosowania koncepcji LM w celu usprawnienia funkcjonowania szpitali.
EN
The Internet of Things solutions in addition to their most popular consumer use in the form of smartphones, smart watches and many smart home solutions have the potential to be used in a production environment for more effective work. Due to the number of processes taking place in such enterprises and the multitude of tools used, the possibilities of implementing such solutions are unlimited. Taking the example of the types of waste that occur in enterprises as detailed in the process of the development of the Lean Management concept, the authors of the article point to the possible use of the Internet of Things tools while eliminating waste, which reduces costs and creates a competitive advantage of the company. The considerations presented in the article were presented on the basis of conducted literature research and using such research methods as case analysis, direct participation of the authors in the selected cases and co-participating in observations.
PL
Rozwiązania Internet of Things, oprócz swojego najpopularniejszego, konsumenckiego wykorzystania w postaci np. smartfonów, inteligentnych zegarków oraz wielu rozwiązań z zakresu inteligentnego domu, mogą być wykorzystywane w środowisku produkcyjnym do efektywniejszego wykonywania pracy. Ze względu na liczbę zachodzących w takich przedsiębiorstwach procesów i stosowanych narzędzi możliwości tego typu rozwiązań są nieograniczone. Biorąc za przykład wyszczególnione w procesie rozwoju koncepcji Lean Management rodzaje marnotrawstwa w przedsiębiorstwach, autorzy artykułu wskazują na możliwe zastosowanie narzędzi Internetu Rzeczy do ich eliminacji, co wpływa na redukcję kosztów i tworzenie przewagi konkurencyjnej przedsiębiorstwa. Zaprezentowane w artykule rozważania przedstawione zostały na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań litera- turowych oraz przy wykorzystaniu takich metod badawczych, jak analiza przypadków, bezpośredni udział autora w identyfikowanych przypadkach, a także obserwacji współuczestni- czących.
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