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Archeologie mlýnů zaniklých ve druhé polovině 20. století

100%

Galusová L.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica

2017

issue 32

283-307

Case studies of watermills that ceased to exist during the 20th century, examined via archaeological methods in the regions of West and Northwest Bohemia, have brought significant findings in the form of particular building stages from the oldest times to the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. The Watermill of Hutmühle (Litoměřice district, Northwest Bohemia, near the village of Zubrice) was the most thoroughly investigated site. In the scope of this archaeological excavation, various methodological differences, possibilities and limits of research of such sites appeared. Based on the scientific activities performed, it is evident that these watermills are highly valuable technical sights, which shall be paid more attention to in terms of both archaeological and historical monument care.

Sieć młynów wodnych w dobrach klasztornych na Pomorzu Wschodnim w XIII-XVI w.

44%

Kubicki R.

Hereditas Monasteriorium

2013

vol. 2

35-56

The study is devoted to the reconstruction of the process of watermills network developing in the estates of separate monasteries in Eastern Pomerania on the background of general milling trends development in this area. Considering this subject, three distinct stages were identified: up to 1308, when the representatives of local dynasty ruled, the years 1309-1454, so the rule of the Teutonic Order, and the period after 1454, in this case limited with the frames of this article to the end of 16th century. The monasteries, thanks to the owned assets and organizational capabilities, have played an important role in the watermills’network developing, especially in the ducal period, up to 1308. Although the monks were not the pioneers in the wastelands management and construction of the first watermills in these areas, they have acted as the main users of existing and newly built mills along with the territorial rulers in the course of time. A certain change has brought the rule of the Teutonic Knights, who ran a consequent economic policy towards other entities, including in particular the monasteries possessing extensive grants from the earlier period. Their actions clearly hindered the further development of the monastic estates, forcing their owners to improve organization of the already held premises. Additionally, on that has imposed the general legal and organizational processes change in the rural economy, also occurring in the goods of great monastic property. Due to that fact each congregation was trying to led self-sufficient economic policy, of which manifestation in the flour milling was imposition of milling coercion on the possessed villages, and conscious construction of own, independent from external conditions, network of milling machines. This policy was continued even after 1454, when the control of the public authority was not so strict. The new circumstance at that time was the abolishment of milling regalia, what enabled the rapid development of mill networks in private estates, possibly including the monastic premises. Different factors were subject to change in the network of hydro-powered devices in the territories belonging to the Cistercians of Oliwa. The proximity of Gdańsk, the great urban center, experiencing at that time a massive economic development resulted, that the monastery has become a natural partner for the actions taken by local townspeople. By investing their capital in the construction of more hydro-powered devices on the monastery’s two major waterways, they led to establishment of about 30 devices, in the vast majority – of industrial mills. The case of Oliwa, fundamentally different from other monasteries, was a result of cooperation between two different partners: the monastery – representing the model of a traditional rural economy, and the investors possessing large assets– urban entrepreneurs. In addition to the considerations presented in the article, there is enclosed the monastic mill network map illustrating the status quo in the second half of the 16 th century.

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1 Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica

1 Hereditas Monasteriorium

1 Galusová L.

1 Kubicki R.

1 2017

1 2013

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Archeologie mlýnů zaniklých ve druhé polovině 20. století

Sieć młynów wodnych w dobrach klasztornych na Pomorzu Wschodnim w XIII-XVI w.