Search results

1

Niepublikowane nagolenniki typu stanomińskiego

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Orlińska G., Karczmarek Ł.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2010

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vol. LXI

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issue 61

81-94

EN

Published in the article are seven shin-guards made of bronze lacking provenance (Fig. 2:1, 3–5, 7), a fragmented specimen from the region of Końskie, distr. loco (Fig. 6a) which occurred with a fragment of a bronze fibula (Fig. 6b), all held by the Bronze Age and Early Iron Age Department, State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw, also, a shin-guard discovered near the village Łąki, distr. Garwolin (Fig. 2:2). The above finds are discussed using a classification system of M. Mogielnicka-Urban (2008, p. 215–216) by their type and versions. Only one find, with an individual zonal ornament, is classified to the “classic” type, Kuyavish version (Fig. 2:1). Best represented is the Mazovian version, with a varied, as a rule, continuous ornamentation which makes use of hatched “hourglass” motifs in diverse arrangements (Fig. 3–5:1), hatched triangles and reserved rectangles (Fig. 2:1), or a combination of different figures (Fig. 5:2). Three shin-guards are recognised as characteristic for the mixed type (Fig. 6, 7). Analysis of distribution of the ornament suggests that on some shin-guards it was applied onto the rod before it was coiled to form the shin-guard; this is because some of the designs were between the coils and exceptionally, even on the inner face of shin-guard (Fig. 2:2, 7:1). Occasionally, there were some imperfections or errors in composition. On one shin-guard the direction of hatching used to fill the figures was inconsistent (Fig. 4) whereas elements of a design seen on the central portion of a Kuyavish version shin-guard were misaligned (Fig. 2:1). I case of three shin-guards it was possible to determine the order in which individual ornamental motifs were executed. First were groups of transverse grooves; next, the fields between them were filled by outlining the figures, which, as a last step, were filled with diagonal hatching (Fig. 4, 5). A part of the ornament could be of distinct deep grooves (Fig. 2:2, 4, 5), with also present shallow and narrow grooves which easily succumbed to wear (Fig. 3, 6a, 7). A delicate but well defined ornament seen on a Kuyavish version shin-guard consisted of two sorts of incisions: deeper transverse from which extended laterally more shallow and narrow ones (Fig. 2:1). The majority of the shin-guards published here show traces of use in the form of a thinning out of the rod on its inside: in one (Fig. 2:2, 3, 5:1), two (Fig. 4, 7:2) or three places (Fig. 7:1). This thinning out of the rod is thought to result from the rubbing of leather straps against the metal. Presumably, the shin-guards, too heavy to be elements ofdaily attire were suspended vertically from a loosely looped thong which explains why only the face of the shin-guard became worn. Drawing on available data there is not confirmation that “unused” shin-guards were used for some special, e.g., ritual purpose. In the aquatic environment one finds specimens with evident traces of wear as well as undamaged specimens. The shin-guard and fragmented fibula from the region of Końskie recorded together (Fig. 6a.b), as suggested by the written records, could originate from a hoard, As such, this would be a third deposit from the period Hallstatt D, next to hoards from Świdnik, distr. Nowy Sącz, and Łuszkowo, distr. Kościan, containing an shin-guard and a fibula. Type Stanomin shin-guards have occurred over a large area of Europe, from central Germany and northern tip of Jutland Peninsula as far as western Belarus, western Volhynia and Bosnia. The classic type, Kuyavish version, and the mixed type, had a wider range of distribution than shin-guards of classic type, Mazovian version, which mainly cluster in areas lying east of the middle Vistula River. Te diversity of ornaments on shin-guards of Mazovian version intimate the existence of local centres which produced specimens decorated with distinctive compositions. One of such workshops which specialised in elaborate ornaments of groups of short lines (Fig. 5:2) has been located tentatively in Podlasie region and in the adjoining part of Mazowsze (Fig. 1). And presumably, the discovery east of the Vistula River – at Łąki, and at Bużyska, distr. Siedlce (Fig. 1) of shin--guards with terminals of an unusual shape and with an ornament of similarly arranged hatched triangles and reserved rectangles, is not random (Fig. 2:2). Unfortunately, the wide distribution of shin-guards with an ornament of groups of transverse grooves and horizontal “hour-glass” motifs (Fig. 4, 5:1) makes it difficult to draw any more specific conclusions. The majority of the ornamented shin-guards of mixed type originate from areas found west of the Vistula River Finds from central Poland (Fig. 1) feature diverse compositions, many with a herringbone motif (Fig. 6a, 7). Only the expansion of a reliable finds database, detailed analysis of ornamentation and other attributes of the shin-guards, and metallographic studies may help in identifying local centres of production.

2

Naszyjniki z Drohiczyna

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Andrzejowska M.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2007

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vol. LIX

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issue 59

31-43

EN

Preserved in Józef Marciniak files in the archives department of the Archaeological Museum in Krakow is a line drawing of a slightly bent open neckring fashioned from a rod of circular section (Fig. 1). Ornamented on its outer face with alternating transverse ridges and plain lightly protruding panels bronze (ovolo design, or Eierstabornament) the neckring tapers towards both terminals which are open and curve outwards, ending in plano-convex knobs. Only the details on the provenance (the drawing is described as “Drohiczyn on Bug River, bronze”) of the neckring are known; circumstances of its discovery and later fate are unclear; the piece itself is at present missing. A nearly identical neck ornament, also provenanced to Drohiczyn, is preserved in the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw (Fig. 2); it was dug up in 1919 from a hillside in an area of seriously eroded paving, reportedly, in company of two bronze plain rod armlets (Z. Szmit 1924, p. 125, fig. 7–9). Dated to the Early Iron Age (cf J. Kostrzewski 1964, p. 92, 126) on the basis of its form and distribution range of parallel ornaments the neckring fits in the category of forms which are ascribed with having a Balt provenance (J. Kostrzewski 1956, p. 56). The neckrings from Drohiczyn unite traits observed in two distinct ornamental forms: thin wire neckrings with outcurving terminals, and bronze rod neckrings with a ribbed ornament; the latter are thought to derive from richly ornamented hoops fashioned from bronze sheet rolled into a tube. Dated to the older phase of Hallstatt Period (Ha C) such hoops are noted in Wielkopolska, Śląsk, Kujawy and Western Pomerania (D. Durczewski 1961, p. 98, J. Kostrzewski 1955, p. 141; 1970, p. 101–102, fig. 68b–g.l). Bronze neckrings with outcurving terminals (ca 30 specimens) originate from seven archaeological sites on SW Baltic (Fig. 3, 4). Their most recent dating is phase II (550–120 BC) of settlement in the region (cf M. J. Hoffmann 1999, p. 7; 2000, p. 126). Basing on their attributes neckrings with outcurving terminals may be distinguished into three main groups (Table 1): Group I, which includes two neckrings from Kierwiny, distr. Lidzbark Warmiński (Fig. 4a.b) and the two pieces from Drohiczyn, distr. Siemiatycze (Fig. 1, 2). All these forms are ornamented with isolated ridges and the ovolo motif, their terminals end in differently shaped knobs. Group II includes a neckring from Dąbek, distr. Mława (Fig. 4d), two finds from Yaroslavskoe (Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia), ornamented on the body with ridges or grooves, with widely set apart expanded funnel terminals (Fig. 4g), and all other unornamented neckrings from Yaroslavskoe (Fig. 4f). The neckring from Pistki may be placed either in Group I or II. Group III is represented by forms either ornamented with grooves or lacking any ornament which terminate in profiled funnel or stamp-like heads, ornamented with an incised cross pattern, recovered at Orzysz, distr. Pisz (Fig. 4c), and probably also at Sovetsk (Kaliningrad Oblast). The same group also includes the specimen from the gravefield at Rembielin, distr. Przasnysz (Fig. 4e). Almost all of the cited neckrings show evident affinity − in the ornamentation of their body and shape of their terminals − with ornaments noted in Lusatian and Pomeranian Culture from the Late Hallstatt Period (Ha D) and early La Tène Period (LT A). Only the neckring from Rembielin has a form strongly reminiscent of similar ornaments with a Celtic provenance; basing also on the presence at the site of finds linked to LT B (A. Pozarzycka-Urbańska 1978, p. 160; A. Waluś 1992, p. 90; Z. Woźniak 1995, p. 206) it could have a slightly later dating. Presence of several neckrings with outcurving terminals in two hoards discovered on territory of Samland Group suggests that they could have been produced locally, presumably for trading. On the other hand, their diversity of form indicates rather that originate from different centres of metallurgy active at the time (A. Waluś 1982, p. 243–247; M. J. Hoffmann 2000, p. 176–177) which produced objects having interregional traits but at the same time marked by local distinctiveness. Neckrings with outcurving terminals are limited in their distribution to the zone of direct influence of the West Balt Barrow Culture (cf J. Okulicz 1973, p. 250, fig. 99). In the past the region of Drohiczyn was thought to have lain outside the zone of infiltration of Balt settlement (T. Węgrzynowicz 1973, p. 88–91). Pottery fragments discovered in the area where the hoard was discovered were placed in a set material analysed and published by J. Dąbrowski (1961, p. 24) as Lusatian Culture material from Podlasie. However, according to the recent publication of findings from excavation made at Drohiczyn (I. Kryński 2006) the site harboured the remains of a settlement (or gravefield) showing strong links with Balt lands. Earth and stone structures associated with settlement suggest direct association with fortified settlements in the West Mazurian Group of the West Balt Barrow Culture (J. Okulicz 1973, p. 260–269). The majority of vessels (I. Kryński 2006, pl. 1–5) show traits typical for group II of West Balt Barrow Culture pottery (cf Ł. Okulicz 1970, p. 31–37). Also some of the metal finds (I. Kryński 2006, pl. 6–8) find analogy on Balt territory, including Samland Peninsula (A. Bezzenberger 1904, p. 57, fig. 60, 64; W. Gaerte 1929, fig. 72c; M. J. Hoffmann 1999, pl. XXI:9, XVIII:14.15, XIX:6). Definitely, the results of this research argue strongly in favour of shifting the geographic range of Balt settlement as far to the south as the the River Bug. It is difficult to interpret the nature of the hoard from Drohiczyn. Obviously, deposition in the area of a settlement or burial ground was nothing out of the ordinary in its day and tends to be interpreted as evidence of an attempt at safeguarding one’s valuables in times of trouble. On the other hand, the selection of objects contained in the hoard, all of them ornaments and armlets and particularly, the presence of paired neckrings and armlets, similarly as in the hoards from Kierwiny and Orzysz (where pairs of neckrings were accompanied by pairs of spiral bracelets and pins), may suggest a ritual rather than an economic interpretation of these deposits.

3

Materiały z wczesnej epoki Żelaza z Kalisza Tyńca, woj. wielkopolskie

100%

Karch B.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2003

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vol. LVI

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issue 56

87-101

EN

A multiple culture site “Nogajec”, Kalisz Tyniec (Fig. 1), was discovered by accident in 1936 during sand extraction. Finds salvaged at the time (Fig. 2, 3a–f) were offered by lawyer Sulimierski to the provincial museum (Muzeum Wielkopolskie) in Poznań. The site was excavated three times during the same year but, unfortunately, records from this investigation have not survived. All that is known is that T. Wieczorowski from the Prehistory Department of the provincial museum of Wielkopolska in Poznań explored four graves (Fig. 3g, 4; cf T. Wieczorowski 1939, p. 158) and that finds recovered from seven graves by Professor Z. Zakrzewski, Archaeological Monuments Conservation Officer for the Poznań and Pomeranian provinces, attached to the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw, can no longer be traced (D. Durczewski, Z. Śmigielski 1970, p. 76–77). Late in 1936 Z. Zakrzewski renewed investigation at Kalisz Tyniec and uncovered 23 more graves (Fig. 5–10). The present catalogue presents the entire surviving Lusatian Culture material from “Nogajec” in keeping of the Archaeological Museum in Poznań and the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw.

4

Pierścień brązowego napierśnika z wczesnej epoki żelaza z miejscowości Dziechlino-Leśnice koło Lęborka

75%

Krzysiak A., Dzięgielewski K., Garbacz-Klempka A.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2017

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vol. LXVIII

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issue 68

257-265

EN

In 2014, the Museum in Lębork was enriched with a bronze ornament of the Early Iron Age date, found accidentally in a meadow near the place where the the Sitnica river valley meets the Łeba river valley in Dziechlino-Leśnice (Figs. 1, 2), a few kilometers west of Lębork (Pomorskie voivodship, northern Poland). Surface survey carried out in the area did not reveal any other remains associated with this find, although archival data indicate that the area was occupied in the younger part of the Early Iron Age (Hallstatt D) (Fig. 8). The item under analysis is a ring that was probably the uppermost segment of a multi-part collar built from open rings and fastened with a wide clasp at the back, an ornament typical of the Pomeranian Culture. The ring is oval in top view and saddle-like in side view, and its cross-section changes from lenticular in the central part to oval at the ends, the latter provided with shafts for attaching the clasp (Fig. 3–5). The dimensions are 12.2×12.7 cm, with a thickness of up to 0.6 cm. The ring is made of tin-lead bronze (Table 1). Its upper surface is richly decorated with groups of transversal and diagonal lines, diagonal hatches, punched holes, and a pattern of arches filled with transversal hatches. Most of the motifs were made in the casting, but the last one was made using the cold punching technique (Fig. 6). The ornament of arches seems particularly typical for Pomerania (Fig. 7), although single rings bearing such decoration were occasionally discovered as far as southern Poland, or even in the Szentes-Vekerzug cemetery in Hungary. It seems that multi-part collars decorated with arches represent the older stage in the production and use of these ornaments (in the younger one, arches were more often replaced with chevron motifs – cf. A. Drzewicz 2017). The ring from Dziechlino-Leśnice should therefore be considered a local product (that such collars were used in the Łeba valley is confirmed by face urns with images of these decorations, e.g. from Leśnice – Fig. 8:b). It is difficult, however, to determine whether it originated from a larger deposit of metal objects, or – as a single ring – was the element of grave furnishing. The fact that the object has survived in a good condition argues against this latter possibility.

5

Pierścień napierśnika kultury pomorskiej z Woli Pasikońskiej, pow. warszawski zachodni – przykład pradziejowego recyklingu

75%

Drzewicz A.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2017

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vol. LXVIII

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issue 68

247-257

EN

The State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw has in its collections a bronze ring from a pectoral attributed to the Pomeranian Culture found at Wola Pasikońska in a wet meadow lying on the edge of the Kampinos Forest (Fig. 1, 2). The ring is penannular, with tapering terminals, plano-convex of section at centre, round-sectioned near the terminals (Fig. 3, 4). Heavily worn in places, the ornament covers both sides of the artefact. On the upper face it consists of groups of oblique grooves, and short strokes arranged in a zigzag pattern, hemmed in here and there by lines; the latter pasttern is also known as a chevron motif. On the underside the decoration is less exposed, and consists of groups of transverse lines and pairs of hatched hourglasses, arranged base-to-base. Dimensions: diameter of the ring – 15.5–16.5 cm, maximum width at centre – 1.3 cm, thickness – 0.55 cm, diameter of terminals – 0.5 and 0.6 cm, space between the terminals – 6.7 cm, weight – 122.2 g. Pectorals are one of the most distinctive form of personal ornament in the Pomeranian Culture. They consist of 7–17 rings of different size, all of them with a specific ornament, individual for a given pectoral, and were fastened with a clasp. As a rule the decoration was only on the upper face of the ring; only in a handful of specimens it appears also on the lower face. Three such rings belong to hoards found in Greater Poland at Bojanowo Stare, Łuszkowo and Rudka. Rings decorated on both faces are presumably the effect of repairs. Imaginably, when a ring became damaged, or was lost for some reason, another would be added to the pectoral, taken from a different set, possibly broken up at an earlier date; in which case, the lower face of the ring lacking ornamentation was then decorated to match the other rings in the pectoral (M. Kamińska 1992, p. 17–19). The find from Wola Pasikońska does not diverge in its shape and ornamentation of its outer face from other specimens of its class. Rings decorated with the chevron motif are noted almost everywhere within the distribution range of pectorals with rings (Fig. 6) but vary in frequency depending on the region. Find sites cluster on the Lower Vistula River, in central Greater Poland, with some isolated specimens recorded in western Mazovia as well. Bifacially ornamented pectoral rings recovered so far had, on both their faces, designs typical for Pomeranian Culture pectorals. However, the decoration on the lower face of the specimen under discussion appear to have more in common with ornamentation seen on artefacts attributed to the Lusatian Culture. Motives engraved on it are similar in style to what is observed on ankle-rings type Stanomin, Mazovian variant, manufactured presumably in metallurgy workshops of Mazovia and Podlasie. The design of hatched hourglasses was observed present on other objects also attributed to these workshops, for example, spiral bracelets. Thus, the ornament on the underside of the ring is one that is well established in the ‘Lusatian’ style design. Pomeranian Culture pectorals and ankle-rings type Stanomin have the same dating – Hallstatt D, and this presumably is also the chronology of the ring from Wola Pasikońska (M. Kamińska 1992, p. 30–31; M. Mogielnicka-Urban 2008, p. 213). The most likely interpretation is that this specimen was created by recycling a ‘Lusatian’ pectoral or a rough cast of such a pectoral. Its central part was forged to produce a lenticular section, the undecorated face was covered with an ornament to match the decoration of the pectoral being repaired. The terminals were trimmed and given a stepped outline to make them fit into the clasp. The chemical composition of the bronze used in manufacturing the ring from Wola Pasikońska was analysed at the Bio- and Archeometric Laboratory of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw. Six points were tested (Table 1). The alloy sampled at points 2–5 was identified as tin bronze. At each point the alloy composition was slightly different, this is not unexpected – earlier studies show that samples taken from one prehistoric bronze object may have a dissimilar percentage content of individual elements. A less expected result was furnished by the analysis of alloy sampled at points 1 and 6. Here the surface of the ring retained a slender layer of tin. It has been suggested that originally, the whole ring had such a tin coating, giving it a silvery hue, one surviving at present on the surface of both faces of the ring in variously worn condition. Previous to our study we had no record on tinned objects attributed to the Pomeranian Culture, or to earlier archaeological cultures in Poland. It is agreed that the earliest tinned objects in Europe are axe finds from England and Scotland dated to the Early Bronze Age. Tinned artefacts become more frequent starting only around the 5th century BC, mostly in the Mediterranean region (N. D. Meeks 1986, p. 134). It is possible that the ring from Wola Pasikońska is the first tinned bronze of Hallstatt date to be recognized in Poland. As such it is an extremely interesting contribution to the study of bronze and other non-ferrous metals metallurgy of the younger phase of that period.

6

Wyniki badań wykopaliskowych osady obronnej w Tarławkach, pow. węgorzewski

75%

Purowski T.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2008

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vol. LX

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issue 60

335-360

EN

The site at Tarławki is situated ca 3.75 km west of Lake Mamry, NE Poland, on an elevation known as ‘Dziewicza Góra’ which rises over the surrounding forest (Fig. 1:1); both the upper (now almost completely lost to gravel extraction) and lower area of this elevation (Fig. 2) produced evidence of prehistoric occupation – site 1 A and 1 B, respectively. First recorded before World War II by German researchers, visited five years after end of the war by Polish archaeologists J. Antoniewicz and A. Gardawski, the site was excavated only in 1971 and 1973 by J. Okulicz and his team. Excavation was carried out in three research zones (Fig. 2): Zone I – north and central area of site 1B (Fig. 3); Zone II – south area of site 1B, north area of site 1A (Fig. 4); Zone III – south area of the elevation ‘Dziewicza Góra’ (Fig. 5). Features identified during excavation included 8 hearths, 15 pits, 3 (4) dwellings, 2 metallurgy ‘workshops’ (Fig. 15), a burial, remains of defences (Fig. 7–10) and 100 postholes (Fig. 6). Hearths were either sub-oval (5) or irregular (3) in outline. No. 2 and 16 may have been associated with larger dwelling structures. Pits differed in size and outline. Fragments of the two largest were revealed in plot O34 and P32-33, one of them interpreted tentatively as a fragment of the culture layer, the other, as part of a dwelling structure (feature no. 12). The smaller pits were round or oval in outline, others were rectangular. Because investigation was made in area lying outside the fortified settlement (very little of its inner area had survived) only a small number of dwelling features were identified: a raised dwelling (?) found in plot R18-P19, a 2.4×2.2 m ‘hut’ (feature no. 12) in plot P32-33, a part of which may have been feature no. 11 (identified as a pit), and a feature no. 26, a fragment of which was discovered in plot R36. This third dwelling, presumably sub-rectangular in outline, with a flat floor, and a vertical N wall, was interpreted as a pit dwelling which when dug, cut into the deteriorating rampart in a period where the defences in this area had fallen into disuse. Two features were associated with bronze metallurgy. No. 15 – rectangular in outline, with a flat floor – first occurred in plot P36 and continued to the east and north (Fig. 15). No. 25, a fragment of which was identified in plot R36-37, S36-37, was oval in outline (Fig. 15), had a flat floor and a curving western wall. The fill and of these two features and the area around them contained numerous finds associated with bronze metallurgy. The remains of defences, identified mainly on the south face of the elevation ‘Dziewicza Góra’, included the fragment of the top and outer face of a rampart (Fig. 7). This structure consisted of five strata. Layer I – humus (20 cm) and layer II – several levels of mixed clay, gravel and sand (ca 120–160 cm) in alignment with the sloping sides of the earthwork (Fig. 7, 8); these levels, which contained charcoal, potsherds and fragments of bones, presumably were taken from an earlier culture layers from within the settlement. Layer III: the remains of burnt timber and earth-and-timber, mostly defensive structures. The original structure of the rampart was reconstructed only tentatively basing on the limited evidence at hand: plot T51 produced traces of a timber crossed logs build which cut into the earth embankment of an older rampart (Fig. 8, 9). Presumably associated with layer III were traces of stakes driven vertically into the ground, identified in plot R52-53, most probably formed the first line of defences in the form of a stockade on the hill slope. Layer IV consisted of two pits (no. 34 and 37), visible in the section of the gravel mine filled with black earth mixed with charcoal and stones (Fig. 7). Their function is unclear. The remains of layer V identified in plot T51 consisted of a 120 cm wide ditch cutting ca 25 cm into the natural running parallel to the rim of the elevation. Into its flat bottom several lines of piles had been driven to form a stockade around the internal area of the settlement (Fig. 10). Other remains of defensive structures were identified on the north side of the settlement. A dark layer with diagonal bands of black earth discovered in plot R35-36 most probably may be linked with layer III of the rampart identified on the south face of elevation ‘Dziewicza Góra’. Other remains of what may have been a stockade were discovered in plot R36 – traces of sixty wooden stakes (Fig. 6), possibly, also in plots R33 and R17. South of the fortified settlement, in plot R53, between layers II and III (fire burnt) a pit (no. 31) contained bones of a child. This burial suggests that the settlement was abandoned some time after the fire. Small finds discovered at the settlement at Tarławki included pottery, objects associated with bronze metallurgy, ornaments and dress accessories, tools and implements, other items (Fig. 11–14, 16). Pottery (ca 20 000 fragments) was mostly from early Iron Age (only 50 specimens were medieval). Vessels, of clay tempered mostly by addition of red and/or white crushed rock, were built by coiling. Only a number of smaller pieces were moulded from one lump of clay. Where they survived vessel bases were mostly flat and indistinct, more rarely, round or rounded. The largest group of vessels were roughened all over or most of their surface or daubed with fingers (smoothing is noted occasionally only on the vessel lip and in a narrow band above the base), ovoid or S-shaped. Similar texture is seen in some bowls. Pieces smoothed all over their surface are much less numerous and include mainly bowls, as well as vases and biconical vessels, ovoid and S-shaped pots, mugs and jugs as well as sieve-like specimens and miniature vessels. An even smaller group of vessels have a smoother upper and roughened lower body. A very large group are flat dishes, often richly ornaments. In other groups of vessels ornamentation is less frequent and consists of vertical and oblique strokes in various patterns, finger and finger-nail impressions, rows of indentations or holes, plastic projections, applied bosses or cordons, mock-cordon ornament and stamped ornament. A handful of specimens were decorated by hatching or impressing of textiles. Objects associated with bronze metallurgy – 300 pieces (Fig. 13, 15) included a large number of fragments of lost-wax clay moulds used to produce bracelets and neckrings, 5 or 6 fragments of two- or three-part clay moulds used in production of small axes. Other finds evidently associated with bronze metallurgy included fragments of clay crucibles and bowls (Fig. 12:24, 13:26?.27.28), fragments of mould spouts (Fig. 13:15–20) and inlets (Fig. 13:21–25), clay ladles (A. Waluś 1982, fig. 1f) and stone polishers (Fig. 13:29, 17:6). Ornaments and dress accessories included a bronze ring (Fig. 16:2), blue glass bead, fragment of an iron wire earring with 2 glass beads, a bronze wire spiral of nine coils of salta leone type (Fig. 16:3), as well as at least 3 bone pins (Fig. 16:4, 17:3). Implements included a fragmented clay spindlewhorl (Fig. 16:6), clay weight (?) (Fig. 16:7), and loom weight (Fig. 16:10), 12 stone polishers and rubbers (Fig. 16:8.11), whetstone (Fig. 16:13), fragment of a polishing slab (?) (Fig. 16:12), fragment of a quernstone, 5 pieces of worked flint. Objects of bone and antler included mostly awls and perforators (Fig. 16:9); at least two needles (Fig. 16:5), a bone haft (Fig. 16:14), fragment of a hoe (or hammer) from red-deer antler (Fig. 17:2), a scraper made of bone (Fig. 17:1). Iron finds included an iron awl and fragments of two knives (Fig. 16:15), the latter, as shown by metallographic analysis, are probably medieval. Less easily interpreted finds are a small funnel-like object made of clay (Fig. 16:16), and a stone find with two pits made in both its longer faces (Fig. 17:4). Mainly on the basis of pottery finds the settlement at Tarławki was dated to phase I of West Balt Barrow Culture (acc. to Ł. Okulicz) to early or 1st stage of phase III (HaD – middle LT), and the following stages of occupation were distinguished. Stage I, open settlement, is represented mainly by the older of the two bronze ‘casting workshops’ (feature no. 15). It operated during phase I of West Balt Barrow Culture. In a later period at least the higher lying area of the elevation was fortified with a stockade. Its remains were discovered both in the S rampart (layer V) as well as in the E rampart (Fig. 1:3). The small set of pottery from this period includes diverse forms of pots and bows, also, cups and plates (Fig. 14:1–10), dated to phase I West Balt Barrow Culture. After some time the settlement was enclosed with an earth-and-timber rampart in a crossed logs build. Presumably it bounded a larger area than the earlier stockade since its traces were discovered in the south rampart (layer III), east rampart and apparently also in the plots R35-36 in research zone II. It is unclear whether features no. 34 and 37 (layer IV of S rampart) should be attributed to the same stage of occupation or interpreted as remains of a different defensive structure. Ceramic material recovered from them (Fig. 14:11–18) did not include feature vessels decorated with groups of alternating oblique strokes whereas finger and finger-nail impressed ornaments cover a smaller area than in specimens recovered from layer V. The surviving remains of the rampart indicate that the fortifications of layer III were destroyed by fire but that the site was reoccupied by the people of West Balt Barrow Culture – this is indicated by features no. 27 and 28, cut into the remains of burnt timbers, containing vessel forms with flat and round bases (Fig. 14:19–23). By the presence of these ceramics the two features were assigned to phase II of West Balt Barrow Culture. The second ‘bronze casting workshop’ (feature no. 25) was younger, apparently established not earlier than during phase II of West Balt Barrow Culture. Its size and rich ceramic assemblage (Fig. 14:24–33) indicate that the workshop continued over a longer time, presumably even during early phase III. The latest archaeological features discovered in Tarławki are pits no. 21, 22 and 26. Pit no. 26 cut into the crumbling earth embankment of the rampart and contained mostly featureless ceramics (Fig. 14:34–37).

7

Kocioł z Podola

75%

Węgrzynowicz T.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2001

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vol. LV

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issue 55

31-46

EN

The collection of the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw includes a large metal vessel (Fig. 1, 4, 5). Its exact findspot is unknown and only the general location in Podolia (western Ukraine) is known. The vessel was published by W. Antoniewicz (1945; 1958) and mentioned subsequently by Soviet authors (A. I. Terenožkin 1962; V. S. Bočkar’ov 1972). It belongs among vessels referred to as cauldrons, which are known mainly from Ukraine. The cauldrons are most frequently described as being made of bronze, although no analyses of metal composition have been made for them. Studies made at State Archaeological Museum have shown that the specimen in question was forged from sheet copper (List 1, fig. 3). The vessel has a hollow foot, profiled body and splayed neck. It is fitted with two vertical handles made of rods which were incised and beaten flat at both ends before being riveted to the vessel neck (Fig. 9a,b, 10). The ratio of the height of the cauldron to its rim is 71.4 cm, its weight – 14 kg. The vessel was manufactured of five sheets of sheet copper 1–2 mm in thickness, near the rim ca. 7 mm. The foot and the body were attached to each other and the bottom fixed to them in a striking manner (Fig. 6). Upper segments of the vessel are joined with horizontal rows of rivets. Given the lack of vertical riveting or traces of hammering of sheet edges (not revealed even by the X-ray analysis) we may assume that individual segments were fashioned in one piece and given their final shape on a special stand. The cauldron from Podolia is the most elaborately and uniquely ornamented vessel of its category known to date. The ornament is without exception concave (engraved and punched). It covers the foot and the neck. On the foot it occurs both on the outside (Fig. 11) and the inside (Fig. 12). On the outer surface in the upper section of the foot X-ray photography revealed yet another band of ornament based on geometric designs. The neck is ornamented on its entire surface starting from a wavy cutting out section of the lower edge of the sheet (Fig. 8). It is covered by five horizontal bands 25 do 32 mm wide bounded by horizontal lines and rows of points. The bands are filled with decorative designs varying in the degree of complexity (Fig. 4, 13). The ornament was produced with the help of at least four tools, each with a differently shaped blade. The cauldron is in a relatively good condition. The handles are only slightly collapsed inwards and the vessel wall near both the handle attachments is also sunken in (Fig. 10); the foot and the body suffered only slight deformation and there are small dents and cracks in the copper sheet. Some of these injuries probably developed after the cauldron either fell over or dropped from a height; as a result of the resulting deformation most of the rivets joining the neck to the body fell out; of eight rivets which survive today four are iron with copper lined heads – evidence of contemporary repairs made to the vessel. Of cauldrons known to date the vessel from Podolia is the largest, twice as high as other specimens of its kind. In its form it has analogies in several other strongly profiled vessels with a hollow foot (Fig. 2). Another variant is bucket-like cauldrons lacking a distinct foot (Fig. 14) having vertically riveted walls or walls hammered of half-sheets. Cauldrons of both variants may be plain or ornamented only very modestly, most frequently with araised ornament executed from the inside the vessel. In Soviet literature all forged cauldrons, irrespective of their form and ornamentation, are ascribed to the Srubnaya culture. A mound of this culture is known with certainty to have produced a bucket-like cauldron. On the basis of inventory accompanying it has been dated to the 14–13th c.BC (A. L. Nečitajlo 1975), possibly, to the 15–14th c. (A. I. Terenožkin 1982). It seems that the Srubnaya culture origin and so early a chronology may fit bucket-like vessels but not the much more technologically sophisticated strongly profiled forms with a hollow foot. Their dating may be defined on the basis of ornamentation of the Podolia specimen discussed here. It finds analogies in ornamentation of pottery and metal objects of Chornii-Lis culture (Fig. 15a–d,f), especially those originating from its younger phase, dated to 900–725 BC, as well as in the ornamentation of Scythian vessels (Fig.15e, g, h). These links suggest that the cauldron from Podolia should be dated to the 8–6th c. and it seems that a similar chronology may be ascribed to cauldrons of the same type from Antoniny in Volhynia, Tarashcha and Kuybyshev/Samara (cf.. V. S. Bočkar’ov 1972). However, evidence is insufficient to apply the same chronology to bucket-like vessels. The cauldron from Podolia presumably served religious purposes – this interpretation of the function of Scythian cauldrons bases on a reference in Herodotus (V. P. Levašova, È. R. Rygdylon 1952). Its circular handles were adjusted to suspending from a pole; the inward collapse of the handles and denting of the neck probably were caused by overloading of the suspended cauldron. The supposition that the cauldron used to be suspended is supported by the fact it features an ornament on the internal wall of its hollow foot, an ornament, which would not have been visible unless the vessel was suspended. It is also worth noting that originally the cauldron was fully watertight and was probably used for storing liquids or food.

8

Depozyt dwóch naszyjników brązowych z okresu halsztackiego z Cetynia, pow. Bytów

75%

Krzysiak A.

Pomorania Antiqua

|

2023

|

vol. Tom XXXII

83–90

EN

In 2021 two open bronze necklaces found in the Trzebielino Forest District within the administrative borders of Cetyń, Trzebielino commune. The jewellery objects were deposited in a pit, within a layer of loose, fine-grained sand. The place of discovery is the slope of a small valley in the area of the Bytowskie Lake District. Two sites are located nearby: settlement site No. 5 in Starkowo and a vast barrow burial ground (burial grounds) No. 19 in Cetyń. The deposit in question consisted of two well-preserved, massive bronze necklaces. These are undecorated specimens made of a rod with an octagonal cross-section, with almost touching ends, slightly different in size and weight. The diameters of the middle parts of the artefacts are slightly larger than the tapering ends. The closest analogy to the discussed one is the specimen from Tatów, Biesiekierz commune, found in an assemblage of eight polygonal and twisted necklaces, dated to the Ha D period. It is characterized by an octagonal, approximately circular cross-section and lack of decorations. All three analysed, unornamented specimens, unlike the others discovered in Tatów, show no signs of use. This fact supports the thesis that these may be unfinished jewellery items. It is difficult to clearly indicate the nature of the hoard. It can be assumed that it is related to the hoarding of metals. It could also be a deposit of a kind of commodity money. The so-called pure hoard of necklaces may also testify to the increased social and economic role of women in the Hallstatt period.

9

Ocalałe i niepublikowane materiały z badań Waldemara Heyma w Bystrzcu, powiat kwidzyński (Weißhof, Kr. Marienwerder)

75%

Żórawska A.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

|

2003

|

vol. LVI

|

issue 56

229-281

EN

The archive of the Museum in Kwidzyn houses documentation from research carried out by Waldemar Heym, for many decades head of the Heimatmuseum Marienwerder (Regional Museum in Kwidzyn), at Bystrzec, comm. and distr. Kwidzyn, pomorskie voivodship (Weißhof, Kr. Marienwerder). Between late 1920s and 30s Heym partly investigated a Roman period settlement and a multiple culture cemetery from a period spanning Early Iron and Late Roman age. The research results were published in fragmentary and random fashion (W. Heym 1929; 1935; 1939; 1959-61; cf also K. Przewoźna 1972, p. 209–210). The W. Heym file in keeping of the Kwidzyn Museum contains drawings of a number of unpublished assemblages from both sites as well as drawings of finds forming part of a number of published assemblages, for an unknown reason not included in the publications. The cemetery at Bystrzec (German inventory number 2884) was discovered and investigated in 1938. Of nearly 500 excavated graves the majority were burials associated with Oksywie culture; a much smaller number, with the earliest Pomeranian and the later Wielbark culture. The site also produced traces of Neolithic occupation and several early medieval graves. W. Heym published much of the excavated material from the cemetery shortly after the war (1959-61) on the basis of notes available to him after he left the region. Archival records preserved in the Museum in Kwidzyn contain drawings of the furnishings of several dozen unpublished graves and drawings of finds associated with assemblages subjected by W. Heym to follow-up study but not included in his publications. Among the pottery pieces recovered from the cemetery of special interest is a tripartite vessel from grave 185 (Fig. 2, pl. XXIII/185). The Wielbark culture settlement at Bystrzec (German inventory number 1694) lies on a flood terrace between the Nogat – distributary of the Vistula –and the Liwa. First rescue excavations carried out by W. Heym in 1929 revealed traces of a two-room post structure featuring a central hearth within a stone setting. Numerous pottery fragments helped to date the feature to AD 150–250 (W. Heym 1929; K. Przewoźna 1972). The next rescue investigation, made in 1938, uncovered the remains of a single hearth (?) and six dwelling structures. The archival records from this research, next to a brief report, contain line drawings of several vessels discovered in individual features. This is the only information on the 1938 excavation of the settlement at Bystrzec.

10

Osada kultury pomorskiej w Odrach, stan. 2, gm. Czersk

75%

Chabińska M.

Pomorania Antiqua

|

2018

|

vol. Tom XXVII

s. 163-201

EN

The settlement of the Pomeranian culture in Odry, site 2 is located in the northern part of Bory Tucholskie. It was discovered by Józef Kostrzewski in 1926, but proper excavation works started in 1962 and were carried out by L. J. Łuka and A. Szymańska. During the excavations, the area of nearly 4 ares was examined and 89 features were registered. Most of them were associated with the Pomeranian culture – 79 features. Amongst them was determined the presence of these to which dwelling, economic or production function can be reasonably ascribed. The majority of artefacts consisted of pottery material – 1637 potsherds and 2 vessels fully preserved. Other finds included: clay spindle whorl, three stone grinders, animal bones and many fragments of scorched clay. The pottery of the Pomeranian culture was described and classified in both morphological, and technological ways. The first division was based on vessel profiles and basic proportions. As the result of applied parameters there were distinguished 5 basic typological groups: pots, vases, bowls, mugs and plates. Technological classification included two main groups which were determined on the grounds of the followings properties: wall thickness, surface treatment, and the size and quantity of temper. Ornamented potsherds constitute a small group of finds. Apart from the incised motif, which is the most recurrent, there were also recorded some stamps, short incisions, nail imprints, crimp and cordon. The Pomeranian settlement in Odry, site 2 is dated to the early and middle La Tène period. This chronology was established based on radiocarbon examination results and the analyses of vessel shapes. The data about environmental conditions were established based on research results concerning peat bog, which adheres directly to the hill where the Pomeranian settlement was located. It was the area where natural resources created good natural conditions for humans, and in this way facilitated them a more long-standing existence.

PL

Stanowisko 2 w Odrach, gm. Czersk, woj. pomorskie położone jest w północnej części Borów Tucholskich. Zostało odkryte przez Józefa Kostrzewskiego w 1926 roku, jednak systematyczne badania archeologiczne przeprowadzono tu dopiero 1962 roku pod kierunkiem L. J. Łuki oraz A. Szymańskiej. Na obszarze blisko 4 arów zarejestrowano 89 obiektów. Większość z nich jest identyfikowana z kulturą pomorską – 79 obiektów. Wśród nich stwierdzono obecność tych, którym z dużą dozą prawdopodobieństwa można przypisać funkcję mieszkalną, gospodarczą, czy produkcyjną. Oprócz wymienionych, na osadzie pojawiły się także paleniska, ogniska oraz dość liczne dołki posłupowe. W materialne przeważa ceramika naczyniowa, zachowana w typowym dla osad znacznym rozdrobnieniu. Zgromadzono 1637 fragmentów naczyń kultury pomorskiej. W całości zachowały się jedynie dwa naczynia: kubek i misa. Oprócz ceramiki odkryto także gliniany przęślik, 3 rozcieracze, kości zwierzęce oraz polepę. Ze względu na kształt, ogólne proporcje i przeznaczenie naczyń wyszczególniono pięć podstawowych grup – garnki, wazy, misy, kubki oraz talerze krążkowe. Inny podział przeprowadzono ze względu na takie cechy jak grubość ścianek, rodzaj powierzchni, wielkość oraz ilość domieszki schudzającej. Dla omawianego materiału autorka wydzieliła dwie główne grupy technologiczne. Do najczęściej spotykanych sposobów zdobienia naczyń należał ornament ryty. Oprócz niego pojawiły się także odciski stempelków, ornament paznokciowy, listwa plastyczna oraz nacinanie. Na podstawie badań radiowęglowych oraz ceramiki ustalono chronologię osady na wczesny i środkowy okres lateński. Bardzo cenne dla poznania i charakterystyki ówczesnych warunków środowiskowych okazały się wyniki badań palinologicznych profilu torfowiska bezpośrednio przylegającego do wzgórza na jakim została zlokalizowana osada. Była ona ulokowana na obszarze, którego zasoby naturalne stwarzały dogodne warunki egzystencjonalne dla ludzi i zapewne wpływały na długotrwały charakter osadnictwa. Słowa kluczowe: wczesna epoka żelaza, kultura pomorska, osadnictwo.

11

Geneza i początki kultu Afrodyty

71%

Zeman-Wiśniewska K.

Saeculum Christianum. Pismo Historyczne

|

2020

|

vol. 27

|

issue 2

5-18

EN

Aphrodite, the Greek goddess of love and beauty, according to ancient authors, was supposed to have come from Cyprus, where her oldest known temple was located in Palaepaphos. However, the alleged process of transforming the local Cypriot deity into the Hellenic Aphrodite is difficult to trace. Without questioning her Cypriot roots, this article focuses on the issue of the origins of her presence in the Greek pantheon of deities, proving that Aphrodite was from the beginning a strictly Greek (Greek-Cypriot) and not a Levantine deity, whose worship was only secondarily influenced by the cult of Astarte, before she eventually became part of the pantheon of deities revered by the Greeks.

PL

Afrodyta, grecka bogini miłości i piękna, już wg. autorów starożytnych wywodzić się miała z Cypru, gdzie znajdowała się jej najstarsza znana świątynia w Palaepaphos. Domniemany proces przekształcenia lokalnego bóstwa cypryjskiego w helleńską Afrodytę jest jednak trudny do prześledzenia. Nie podważając jej cypryjskich korzeni, niniejszy artykuł koncentruje się na kwestii genezy jej obecności w greckim panteonie bóstw, dowodząc, iż Afrodyta była od początku bóstwem sensu stricto greckim (greko-cypryjskim), a nie lewantyńskim, którego kult jedynie wtórnie uległ wpływom kultu Astarte, nim ostatecznie bogini ta stała się częścią panteonu bóstw czczonych przez Greków.

12

Badania archeometryczne ceramiki z wczesnej epoki żelaza ze Starego Kraju na Ziemi Lubuskiej

63%

Agua F., Conde J. F., García-Heras M., Kobylińska U., Kobyliński Z.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

|

2017

|

vol. LXVIII

|

issue 68

147-178

EN

Early Iron Age settlement of the Polish “Old Country region is a relatively well documented period from recent archaeological fieldworks. Functionally distinct sites, such as strongholds, ceremonial places and cemeteries have been found, covering the chronology between the sixth and the fifth century BC. The results of an archaeometric study undertaken with the aim of approaching the production technology and providing some insights into the probable local or non-local provenance of the main pottery types found in such sites are here reported. Selected pottery samples and modern raw clays from three coeval and functionally distinct sites (the stronghold of Starosiedle, the ceremonial place of Kozów, and the cemetery of Sękowice) were characterized by different techniques, such as thin-section petrography, X-ray diffraction (xrd), scanning electron microscopy (sem) and X-ray fluorescence (xrf) spectrometry. Resulting data indicated the sharing of a single technological tradition among the three sites with no particular specialization concerning the functionality of each site. This tradition is characterized by the general use of non-calcareous illitic clays, which showed a high presence of kaolinitic clay minerals in the case of Starosiedle pottery and a high content of chlorite clay minerals in the case of pottery from Kozów. All the pottery types were fired under predominantly reducing conditions at relatively low temperatures between 700 and 750 °C.

13

Gatunkowy i anatomiczny dobór zwierząt do ciałopalenia z cmentarzyska z wczesnej epoki żelaza w Sochaczewie-Trojanowie

63%

Drzewicz A.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

|

2015

|

vol. LXVI

|

issue 66

283-311

EN

Excavations conducted in 1959–1961 by the team from the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw of the multiphase at Sochaczew-Trojanów, site 1 (Fig. 1 & 5), uncovered 250 features attributed to a Lusatian Culture settlement from the close of the Bronze Age and Early Iron Age (137 features), a partly eroded cemetery of the Pomeranian Culture and the Cloche Grave Culture from the end of Hallstatt D and early La Tène periods (110 features), as well as three graves assigned to the Przeworsk Culture from the Late Pre-Roman Period. The aim of the presented article is discussion of the results of analysis of burnt animal bone remains deriving from the Pomeranian Culture and Cloche Grave Culture grave-sites. The main focus has been to make a trial identification of rules dictating the selection of animal species and their body parts selected for cremation which may be recovered based on the osteological materials. The assemblage subjected to the study includes 30.5 kg animal remains retrieved from 34 graves – 16 animal graves and 18 human burials containing some animal skeletal elements – 30.9% of all the sepulchral features in the cemetery. The quantity of bone found in the animal graves was 29.7 kg (97.4%), in human burials – 0.8 kg (2.6%). The analysed assemblage includes 2430 diagnostic fragments identifiable to species and to the anatomical element. Human graves (among them, seven collective burials within a cist or a stone setting, four cloche graves, four urned burials, a single pit grave? and two undetermined graves) yielded 280 animal remains – bone, teeth and shell. It was established that the human burials typically contained between one and eleven animal bone fragments, or 3–7% of the individual bone assemblages. Out of this group 152 fragments, close to 54.3% of the total material, were identified to species and body part. All the animal graves were pit features. They yielded from just a few (6 features) to a larger number of bone fragments (10 features) ranging in weight between 1.2 and 5.8 kg. Species and anatomical element identification was made for 2278 fragments, some seriously fragmented, unidentifiable specimens were not counted. Studies of the faunal assemblage from the cemetery at Sochaczew-Trojanów have shown that the species composition of the osteological materials from animal graves and from human graves containing some animal bones was quantitatively similar (Table 1). In both groups there was a significant percentage of bones of domesticated animals – respectively, 98.64% & 84.2% – with a domination of cattle and sheep/goat, and a much smaller percentage of horse, pig and dog remains. The remains of wild mammals, birds and molluscs made up a minor percentage. The two groups yielded only a small quantity of bones of young individuals – 4.9% and 7.2%. This suggests a preference for adult animals deposited for cremation. On the other hand, there were some major differences between the two discussed grave groups. In the animal graves there was an evident domination of cattle bones (almost 60% of the total material) and the remains of sheep/goat accounted for half of that value (28.88%). In human burials this ratio was reversed – the percentage of sheep/goat bones was twice the percentage of cattle bones – respectively 44.1% and 20.4%. Interesting results come from the analysis of anatomical elements distribution. For the human burials, because they contained only a small quantity of animal bones, all the remains identified as mammalian were analysed together; this assisted to some extent the recognition of the treatment of different parts of the animal carcass (Fig. 2, Table 2). It was found that all the anatomical elements of the animal skeleton were represented in the human burials, most came from the proximal of the pelvic limb (32.2%) and from the trunk (21%). Other parts of the carcass accounted for a smaller percentage (7–13.3%). This is divergent from values known from complete skeletons of domesticated animals in reference collections, in which most bones come from the trunk (34–43%), and half that percentage, from the head (20–23%). The proportion of bones from the front and the hind limbs, jointly from the proximal and the distal parts, is similar and amounts to 10–15%, with the values calculated for phalanges, depending on the animal species, at 6–20%. As such, the analysis of the faunal assemblage suggests an intentional selection of parts of the animal body deposited on the pyre with the dead humans. Most often these elements belong to portions that were attractive for consumption, from the fleshiest parts of the carcass (Fig. 3), with a special preference for proximal sections of the pelvic limb of sheep/goat (haunch, ham). It was established also that the anatomical elements from parts of the animal which was attractive for consumption belonged to do cattle, sheep/goat and pig (Fig. 4 & 6), whereas those having a low utility in this respect belonged to horse, dog and wild mammals. The presence of many phalangeal bones suggests a frequent deposition for cremation of unskinned parts of animals. Once the skin has been removed the phalanges remain with the skin. It was established that a burial held the remains of one to six animal species. In total, the bone assemblage recovered from the human burials was identified to at least 42 individuals of different species. Equally interesting findings were made for the bone assemblages retrieved from animal graves. In each of the 10 graves containing a large quantity of osteological material there was a similar species distribution (Table 4) – the largest percentage was made up by the remains of cattle (48.1–69.5%), followed by sheep/goat (20.3–39.3%). For assemblages containing a sufficient quantity of cattle, sheep/goat, horse and pig bones the distribution of anatomical elements was analysed. Analysis made for the cattle remains (Table 5) revealed the presence in every grave of bones from all the elements of the skeleton, including phalanges, in proportions suggesting that these animals were burnt on the pyre complete, including the skin. The distribution obtained for sheep/goat bones is harder to interpret (Table 6). It seems that in graves 163, 202, 204, 217 and 225 the animals had been deposited whole, unskinned and cremated, in other graves – mostly fragments more attractive for consumption, without the head and distal parts of the limb (Fig. 8). The overrepresentation of the remains from some parts of the body of sheep/goat and cattle, and some isolated fragments of bones of young individuals identified in a few graves suggest the presence in some features of at least fragments of more than one representative of a given species. Anatomical distributions obtained for pig and horse (Table 7), and the number of the remains of dog and wild mammals (Table 3) show that only some fragments of the body of these animals were placed on the pyre, and that most often (except for the horse) they came from parts valuable nutritionally (Fig. 8). In animal graves holding a small quantity of the osteological material these assemblages included only bones from the part of the domesticated animal carcasses, mostly sheep/goat. Usually these were parts attractive from the point of view of consumption, mainly from the trunk. These features may be recognized with some confidence as fractional animal graves. In individual animal graves containing a larger quantity of bones these were identified to between three and eight species, as compared to the poor graves which contained between one and three species. Ultimately, the osteological material from these features was identified to at least 77 individuals. The analysis of a modest group of zooarchaeologically analysed animal bone remains from other Pomeranian and Cloche Grave cemeteries (Fig. 9 & 10, Table 11 & 13) revealed that the domination of cattle, sheep/goat and pig bones observed in the assemblage from animal graves and human burials containing some animal bones recovered at Sochaczew-Trojanów is largely the norm for the grave-sites of these two cultures. The horse, on the other hand, was treated differently; the remains of this species mostly were identified to the nutritionally less attractive body parts. It was confirmed also that graves are not an isolated finding either, and are known also from a number of other cemeteries. On the other hand individual grave-sites differed in the species composition of animals deposited for cremation (Table 10 & 12). Definitely more dominant are the remains of domesticated mammals, with the most prevalent species being sheep/goat, cattle and horse. However, at present, due to the very limited source base, the reasons for these dissimilarities are hard to pinpoint. This significant proportion of the remains of domesticated mammals in the osteological material in the two types of burial (animal and human) appears to be in correspondence with the model of economy, in which all animal products presumably mostly came from domesticated animals. Meat meant for consumption was obtained mainly from cattle, sheep/goat and pig, which is possibly reflected by the deposition for cremation of what are – in terms of consumption – the best portions of the body of these mammals. The frequent presence among the horse bones of the remains of distal parts of its limbs might be the consequence of a different use made of this species, used primarily for transport, and to a smaller extent, as a meat supply. It seems that in some religious-ceremonial activities the ideological sphere could have drawn to some extent on the everyday living and human experience; this is suggested by the ways of using particular species observed in the cremated materials from cemeteries, which at times may correspond to the ways they were used in economy and everyday life. At Sochaczew-Trojanów and at Gulin-Młyn most of the bones found in the fractional human and animal graves came from sheep/goat, and in features containing an animal (animals) apparently burnt whole – from cattle. In other grave-fields the limited number of bone remains, or the lack of some types of grave, precluded making a comparison of this sort. The ritual behaviour of the Pomeranian and the Cloche Grave culture people is poorly understood and interpretation is difficult. Perhaps, in some ceremonies which are intimated by the animal remains from cemeteries, sheep/goat was regarded as more a fitting animal, while in others the same goes for cattle. Additionally, the analysis of materials from Sochaczew-Trojanów revealed the remarkable range of ritual activities involving the use of animals through the sheer number of individuals identified in the cemetery – at least 119. Burnt animal bone remains from cemeteries are an important source of information about ritual activities in which animals played a part; osteological studies, allied with a detailed analysis of the context of discovery of these remains and their cultural setting, have potential to advance our understanding of many aspects of the ideological sphere within the Pomeranian Culture and the Cloche Grave Culture communities.

14

Osada z wczesnej epoki żelaza w Czarnoszycach stanowisko 6, gm. Człuchów

63%

Janiak R., Kaznodziej D., Trzciński Ł.

Pomorania Antiqua

|

2022

|

vol. Tom XXXI

41–64

EN

The settlement from Early Iron Age in Czarnoszyce site 1, Człuchów commune was discovered accidentally in 2017. Earlier that site was known in the Polish Archaeological Record (AZP) as a primeval settlement trace. The excavation conducted in 2018 covered 100 square metres. The small acreage was the result of the need for the exploration of the aeolian layers. A total thickness of those layers was 1.3 metres and was a result of the deforestation process in late medieval period or modern period. A few tree windthrows were found in the trench. The excavation yielded 11 features. In fills of nine of them there were many fragments of pottery vessels associated with the Wielka Wieś phase. They suggest dating back to the Hallstatt C period. The place was probably later settled by the Pomeranian culture community. But in the case of one feature, one radiocarbon date shows it should be dated back to the Roman Period. The south-western part of East Pomerania in Early Iron Age clearly formed a settlement cluster of the Wielka Wieś phase. Fourteen km south of Czarnoszyce excavations led to the discovery of a settlement unit (a settlement and a cemetery) in Chojnaty, Chojnice commune. The next settlement unit was located a bit further south, in Ostrowite, Chojnice commune. There, a few graves of the Wielka Wieś phase, as well as probably remains of a settlement were excavated. Those sites undoubtedly indicate a stabilization of the settlement in the Hallstatt C period. Therefore, the settlement in Czarnoszyce is likely another sample of the Wielka Wieś settlement network.

15

Warszawa-Grochów "ul. Górników" - cmentarzysko z wczesnej epoki żelaza

63%

Andrzejowska M.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

|

2012

|

vol. LXIII

|

issue 63

33-114

EN

Known alternately as Witolin, site 2, and Warszawa-Grochów, Ostro¬bramska Street, the site “ul. Gór¬ników” is situated in the Praga district of Warsaw on the southern slope of one of the dunes bordering the right-hand bank of the Vistula. At present this area is fully under urban development (Fig. 1, 2, 4) and the Górników Street itself, recorded on early maps of Warsaw, is no more. The site was discovered by chance in 1946. A fragment – 20 m2 – was excavated in 1947 by Maria Gądzikiewicz from the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw. More finds surfaced in 1965 and 1968. Archaeological excavation was resumed in 1973 and continued until 1975, run by Jan Michalski and Hanna Młynarczyk from the state monuments conservation atelier Pracownia Konserwacji Zabytków who investigated a total 2343 m2. Previous to this research the site had suffered much depredation resulting in a loss or partial destruction of many archaeological features. Next to graves associated with a grave-field of the Cloche Grave Culture – the largest group –exploration was made of features attributed to the Pomeranian Culture and the Lusatian Culture, and several features associated with an early medieval cemetery which included some finely preserved inhumation graves. Archaeological material and documentation from this research passed to the State Archaeological Museum, recorded under inventory numbers III/1465, III/6049 and V/7227. The present study gives a presentation and a discussion of Bronze and Early Iron Age finds deriving from 82 features – primary or secondary, the latter formed of redeposited remains of destroyed graves. Included in the present analysis are funerary ceramics from the chance finds made in 1956 and 1968. The features associated with the early medieval cemetery will be the subject of a separate study. Eleven pits identified during the excavation were interpreted as archaeological features. Most of them were in the southern fragment of the investigated site. Their shallow, basin-like fill, generally contained very small and uncharacteristic fragments of pottery, charcoal, as well as a number of flints. Features 77 and 95 yielded pottery fragments with small perforations under the rim; feature 77 additionally held several flints: a fragment of a core (scraper?), some flakes (one retouched) and spalls. Three features (45, 54, 69) contained inserts of dark black earth rich in charcoal fragments, small fragments of pottery, in feature 54, such an insert also contained some burnt stones. These may be identified as the remains of fires/hearths and linked with a settlement of the Lusatian Culture from its final phase, earlier than the grave-field. The other pits may be interpreted as relics of funerary practices and some other forms of using the burial ground but there is no evidence to support this interpretation. The graves spread over a fairly large area occurring on their own or in irregular clusters divided by distinct empty spaces, in a way which is characteristic for many grave-fields from the Early Bronze Age recorded in Mazowsze. Of 41 features classified in the category of cloche graves only 27 actually were found to contain a legible ceramic structure, complete with a well preserved cloche. The cloche graves, discovered mainly in the central strip and in the eastern fragment of the investigated area, occurred with a varying intensity without forming distinct concentrations. At the same time, there was a number of “paired” features found close to each other, at least one of them a cloche grave. A more outstanding tandem (features 2.1 and 2.2) had the form of two communicating pits containing three actually child burials. In cloche graves the inventories predominantly consisted of a “classic” set of ceramics – a cinerary urn with the bowl placed over its opening and the cloche. In feature 16 the urn rested under two cloche vessels placed one over the other. In a few poorly preserved features no urns or their bowl lids were identified. In features 14, 16, 28 and 96 the urn rested on a ceramic stand (inserted into the bottom of another, incomplete pottery vessel) or on a “pavement” of pottery sherds. In addition, the bottom of the pit of grave 16 had a lining of daub and small stones. There is no evidence that the urns and the cloches were set about with rocks or sherds. The cloches are a mixed group of egg-shaped jars with a high-set shoulder and a roughened surface. A smaller group are large, broad-bodied necked vessels, the neck having a smoothed surface. Among the urns the dominant form ware profiled, necked vessels with a body either smoothed or roughened. And there is evidence that a handled cup was used for an urn at least once (feature 3/47). More than 40% cloche graves contained non-ceramic grave goods, mostly, very small, usually very poorly preserved bronzes. The largest assemblage is from a destroyed feature 55 and consists of fragments of iron ornaments and remains of earrings (bronze rings) retaining small fragments of chains and glass beads. Feature 28 yielded an antler haft and a sheet iron clasp with a rivet. Ten features were interpreted as the remains of single urn graves without stone constructions. Like the cloche graves, the urn graves although they tended to occur in the eastern zone of the investigated area formed no apparent clusters. On three occasions burials had been deposited in a handled cup (children), on five occasions (two children, three adults) in a small egg-shaped jar. Some graves had been provided with a fragment of a pottery vessel, a flat cake of clay (feature 2.2) or a flat stone (33) placed under the urn or used as a lid. In two graves (features 17, 30) next to the urn there were accessory vessels – small handled cups. In feature 17 inside the urn was a bronze dress pin, its head hammered flat folded into a loop. The pit of feature 30 yielded two small iron rivets and three small fragments of iron sheet. A unique burial rested inside a stone cist (feature 5) deposited in a pyriform urn with a hat-like lid and accompanied by an accessory vessel. Mixed with the remains of the cremation was a small fragment of a bronze object. Close to the cist grave there were the remains of some fully destroyed graves, at least two, containing multiple vessels, without evidence of a stone setting or cist (features 4, 11). They were recorded as clusters of pottery on the margin of a large refuse pit. The total number of the destroyed urns may be reconstructed from the fragments of at least 14 hat-like lids or bowl-lids. Presumably in these graves the function of urn was served by vase-like vessels of various sizes and some of the handled cups/jugs, used also as accessory vessels. Fragments of similar pottery (including a fragment of a hat-like lid) surfaced also in the fill of feature 12 found nearby, fully destroyed. The bottom of the backfilled pit of this grave had a lining of a few small stones. Features 4, 5, 11 and 12 were interpreted as relics of the Pomeranian Culture graves. The bone remains recovered from the cloche graves and urn graves of assorted types were found to belong to 56 individuals, more than a half of them adults (33). This differs from the situation observed in other grave-fields from the Early Iron Age where child burials prevail. Similarly as at Warszawa-Henryków, Warszawa-Zerzeń or Dziecinów, in the grave-field under analysis there was an observable tendency to give special treatment to the youngest burials. More outstanding in this respect were the urn graves which mostly, although not exclusively, were used for child burials, which, moreover, were deposited in handled cups and small egg-shaped jars. Twelve pit graves were discovered in the central and eastern area of the site. A few of them were almost fully eroded. It appears from observation of the better preserved graves that the cremated bones, found inside them in the form of a caked mass, had been placed in the pit in a container (urn) made of organic material, no traces of which survive at present. One burial which definitely belongs in the category of unurned pit graves is documented by the remains of a small child that were identified around the cloche in the pit of feature 2.1. The other burials (eleven of them subjected to osteological analysis) contained only, or for the most part, burnt animal bones, almost invariably, of horses, on occasion, of cattle. Only feature 13 was found to contain the bone remains of a small child. Five pit graves yielded small bronze and iron objects, including small buttons, rivets, an iron loop (“eye”) and an awl. They make up around 24% of the total number of features in the grave-field containing non-ceramic grave goods. Animal graves occurred on their own (10/47, 32, 41, 43) or in pairs (all the others), in the neighbourhood of the cloche graves and of a non-typical urn grave (feature 34) holding the human cremation and some cremated bones of horse or cattle. A small quantity of animal remains was recorded in a total of 14 human graves of diverse types, except for features 2.1, 79, all of them adult burials. Mostly the bones were those of a large mammal, and on one occasion of sheep/goat (feature 1/47) and roe deer (feature 5). Using the classification of T. Węgrzynowicz analysis was made of a total of close to 115 vessels a half of which were included in the sub-group of jars (A1). Over 40 vessels were bowls (B1), the remainder – jugs and handled cups (A2, B2). Typological analysis confirmed differences in the form and manner of surface finish, noted in earlier studies, of vessels used to furnish graves recognized as relics of the Pomeranian Culture as compared to the pottery from features attributed to the Cloche Grave Culture. The majority of vessels recovered from features 5, 4, 11 are forms classified as type A1I, variant a or b. These are vase-like, gently profiled pots, smoothed all over, with a relatively low-set belly. The most distinctive specimen in this group has a high funnel neck and is engraved with a pectoral – a vessel of similar shape (with the image of a face and a pectoral) surfaced in a cist grave at Sochaczew-Trojanów, another outstanding specimen is a pyriform vessel with a very high neck and a body roughened between the shoulder and the base which finds the closest analogy in a face urn from Rzadkowo, distr. Piła. The vessels discovered in these features were provided with lids, some of them hat-shaped, typical for the Pomeranian Culture. One of the graves contained a fragment of a face urn – a ceramic ear with three perforations. The pottery discovered in the Pomeranian Culture features is relatively thin-walled, its surface almost invariably well smoothed, frequently glossy. Except for the urn from feature 4, decorated with a representation of a pectoral, ornamentation of other vessels, including their lids, is limited to rows of minute punctures or diagonal grooves, common in the Cloche Grave Culture ceramics. Attributes of the ceramic furnishings in graves 4 and 11 correspond to the description of inventories of similar features of mixed character recorded in a number of other grave-fields in Mazowsze. Among the ceramic finds from graves associated with the Cloche grave-field the most frequent types are IV and V, variant c. These are vessels with a high-set body, roughened all over, no neck, and also, forms with a roughened belly, which typically is separated from a smoothed neck by a plastic cordon. Vessels displaying similar attributes, often encountered in “classic” grave inventories in the role of cloches and burial urns, are recognized as a ceramic marker of “classic” Cloche Grave Culture assemblages. A vessel type more in evidence than in most Cloche grave-fields are wares (mostly cloches) classified as type IIIc but close in their outlook to types Vc and VIc. This is because there is a relatively high frequency of egg-shaped jars with a roughened surface, the neck poorly marked, in some specimens indicated only by leaving a randomly levelled or smoothed band below the rim. Type V is also represented by a number of vessels without a cordon in which the roughening ends below the base of the neck. Cordons separating the neck from the vessel body, smooth or corrugated by impressing or incision, at times, provided with small knobs or lugs, appear only on six urns and six cloches, types A1I and A1V. Individual, flat bosses were noted twice. Absolutely unique is the placement of a group of three knobs on the body of an uncharacteristically profiled bowl discovered in feature 2.2. Also uncharacteristic are short, corrugated cordons applied diagonally onto the wall of the cloche from feature 55 which diverge from the arrangement typical for vessels used as cloches – of a festoon or tassels of a tied cord. The surface of several vessels, including a bowl (from features 37, 42, 44, 57 96), was covered by a dense network of intersecting grooves made with a comb. Decorative designs seen on other vessels include opposed groups of diagonal grooves pendant from the base of the vessel neck and circumferential arrangements of oval or sub-circular stamped impressions. The urn from grave 55 and the handled cup from feature 30 feature a rare design of circular indentations with a marked centre impressed using a fine tube-like object. A few jars and bowls have handles, in three cases with, at its base, applied cord “tendrils”. Finally, non-functional lugs, more likely to play the role of a decorative element, appear on several profiled cloches and urns, at the transition from the neck to the body, and in some bowls, below the rim. Non-ceramic grave furnishings were recorded in 21 features, i.e., in approximately a third of all the features (not only burials) subjected to analysis. The largest group are bronzes but there is also a significant number of identifiable iron objects (ca. 15). The best preserved bronze objects are the following: tweezers, discovered in feature 24 next to the remains of a horse, and possibly a fragment of a similar object – “arms and a slide”, from a cloche grave (?) recorded as feature 46, and a straight dressing pin with the top hammered and folded into an eye – from feature 17. Features 3, 40 and 90 yielded fragments of small bronzes which may be described as “buttons” or “tags”, possibly, dress accessories, alternately, as elements of horse harness or other accessories associated with keeping animals. From feature 55 come fragments of personal ornaments without analogy in the Cloche Grave Culture assemblages recorded in Mazo¬wsze, namely, fragments of an iron neckring fashioned from a twisted square-sectioned wire, and a bracelet (of multiple coils?) from a strip of metal sheet. They were accompanied by small fragments of iron and bronze rings (earrings?) and melted glass. Feature 37 yielded the shaft of an iron swan-neck pin. Its head did not survive but we have reason to believe its shape had been similar to that of the bronze pin discovered in feature 17. Animal grave (feature 19) held two objects made of iron: a length of square-sectioned rod folded into a loop (an “eye”) and a short awl, partly square and partly round of section. Fragments of an object made of elk antler with a design of concentric rings with a dot at centre discovered in feature 28 were interpreted as the remains of a haft-handle of some implement. The seriously devastated condition of the grave-field and the partial or full destruction of many features make it difficult to establish the correlation between the position, structure and inventory of the graves. Nevertheless we can say that the construction of some of the graves belonging to the Cloche cemetery, particularly the nature of their inventories, displays a similarity to the model known from the Lusatian Culture grave-fields. Similarly arranged and furnished features recorded in Warszawa-Grochów, site “Brylowszczyzna”, have been attributed to the Lusatian Culture and, in case of graves covered with a cloche, recognized as early burials of the Cloche Grave cemetery. Stylistic and ornamental features of some other vessels from Warszawa, “ul. Górników”, recorded in the Lusatian Culture grave-fields in Warsaw, i.e., site “Brylow¬szczyzna”, and at Miedzeszyn, recall the pottery known from sub-units of the Lusatian Culture – the Upper Silesian-Lesser Poland Group (grupa górnośląsko-małopolska) and the Tarnobrzeg Group. This would confirm our assumption that in its emergence the Cloche Grave Culture in Mazowsze drew on local Lusatian traditions but with a significant contribution made by culture elements deriving from the south and the south-west. The onset of this process which, apparently, is legible also in the grave-field under discussion, presumably took place around the middle of period Ha D. This chronology finds support also in the dating of the majority of analogies to the non-ceramic finds from our grave-field. Their distribution range suggests that some of these objects, particularly iron, were brought to central and eastern Mazowsze and Podlasie from the territory of the Tarnobrzeg Group or, possibly, from the European forest-steppe zone within the area of influence of Scythian cultures. Direct contacts with the region to the east are suggested by the appearance in the Cloche Grave Culture assemblages of pottery with a stroked surface and the spread of corrugated cordons applied to the vessel wall and rim. Also eloquent is the increase, observed in the Cloche grave-fields, of the importance of animals, particularly horses, evidenced by a special funerary rite and the presence in human and animal grave inventories of objects associated with the breeding and utilization of animals. Analysis shows that the grave-sites “Brylowszczyzna” and “ul. Gór¬ników” were in use during an approximately the same period, possibly until the appearance at the close of the Hallstatt Period of graves displaying “Pomeranian” features. The grave-field Warszawa-Grochów “ul. Górni¬ków” could have been continued (or used in parallel) by the same community established nearby, at the convergence of Zamieniecka and Zagójska Streets, where during the 1920s a dozen-odd graves were excavated and associated with the Cloche Grave Culture cemetery.

16

Wyniki badań archeologicznych osiedla obronnego z wczesnej epoki żelaza w Wysokiej Wsi, powiat ostródzki, stanowisko 7

63%

Solecki R., Welc F., Nowacki B.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

|

2019

|

vol. LXX

|

issue 70

196-202

EN

In 2015, an interesting hillfort was discovered at Wysoka Wieś, Ostróda County, in north-eastern Poland (Fig. 1; W. Skrobot 2015, 123). It was characteristic because its yard was surrounded by 3–4 concentric lines of ramparts separated by dry moats (Fig. 2). In 2018, an archaeological evaluation of this site was conducted to acquire information about its chronology and cultural affiliation. The central and southern part of the site was strongly disturbed in the 20th century, when all the environs were cultivated for reforestation. The only remains of former habitation were discovered near the embankments, particularly in the ditch which ran along the main rampart, on its inner side, and on the main rampart itself. The relics included: a posthole located at the highest point of the embankment and loose stones – a probable paving – located in the above-mentioned ditch (Fig. 4). A radiocarbon dating of the charcoal collected from the soil beneath the stones gave a calibrated date between 542–397 BC with a probability of 91.3% (Fig. 5). The analysis of the pottery shards (Fig. 6:1–5) suggests that they can be linked with the 2nd group in the classification of ceramics of the West Balt Barrow Culture and can be dated to the turn of the Hallstatt D and La Tène A/B periods (Ł. Okulicz 1970, 24–38). These two chronologies correspond with each other and it can be assumed that the hillfort was in use during the end of the Early Iron Age and at the beginning of the La Tène Period.

17

The Oldest Horse Representation in East of Central Europe

63%

Kokowski A.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2019

|

vol. LXX

|

issue 70

183-195

EN

Ryte wyobrażenie konia na glinianym naczyniu kultury pucharów lejkowatych z Gródka nad Bugiem można uznać za najstarszy wizerunek tego zwierzęcia we wschodniej części Europy Środkowej (Ryc. 1–4). Jego wykonawca mógł inspirować się wizerunkami zwierząt na naczyniach kultury Cucuteni-Tripolie. Stylizowane wyobrażenie konia pojawiało się też na naczyniach w epoce brązu, ale najczęściej występuje we wczesnej epoce żelaza. Zestawiono tu 227 takich wyobrażeń, z czego 55 uznano za dyskusyjne (Katalog, Tab. 1). Kilkanaście dalszych pochodzi z okresu rzymskiego. Dla wszystkich wspólna jest uproszczona stylistyka, niezmienna od neolitu.

18

Cmentarzysko kurhanowe ludności kultury pomorskiej w Żakowie, gm. Sulęczyno. Badania w latach 2014–2015

63%

Janiak R.

Materiały Zachodniopomorskie

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2017

|

vol. 13

35-54

EN

The article presents results of the archaeological excavations conducted at a Pomeranian culture cemetery in Żakowo, site 3, Sulęczyno commune, Pomeranian Voivodship in 2014–2015. During this time, three barrows and two stone structures were excavated. Barrow V/2014 had the most elaborate form. Its base consisted of a four-layered stone rim 5.8 meters in diameter. Cremation burial of two people was found inside.

19

Wędzidło z Browiny, pow. toruński. Kolejny na ziemiach polskich ślad wschodniego oporządzenia jeździeckiego z wczesnej epoki żelaza

63%

Gackowski J., Garbacz-Klempka A.

Pomorania Antiqua

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2020

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vol. Tom XXIX

s. 39-56

EN

The presented fragment of a metal horse bit was accidentally discovered during agricultural works carried out in Browina, Toruń district. Currently, it is impossible to associate this find with a specific archaeological site, but it can be assumed that this object (as a complete one) appeared in the early Iron Age in the local environment of the Lusatian culture, in the so-called ‘Grzywna’ microregion, one of a dozen or so, which together form the settlement space of the ‘Chełmża and Kamionki trough’ mesoregion. The discovered artefact should be associated with type of the so-called common horse bit, singly bent, originally consisting of two almost identical elements (slightly arched shafts) intertwined with smaller holes (loop links). The aforementioned horse bit rings were connected with the rest of the bridle. Only two similar metal horse bits are known from the territory of Poland. One, completely preserved, comes from the defensive settlement of the Lusatian culture in Gzin, Bydgoszcz district, while the second one, similarly incomplete as the specimen from Browina, was accidentally found in Gródek, Hrubieszów district. All three, due to the contexts of their occurrence and the available analogies, are associated with the steppe or forest steppe production of eastern European environments. The analysis of the chemical composition shows that the Browina horse bit is made of brass, i.e. copper alloy with a clear, intentional admixture of zinc. In the local cultural and settlement environment, a similar material was found in the zoomorphic pommel of a Scythian dagger (acinaces) from Płonczynek, Lipno district. The formal resemblance of the latter to a specimen found long ago in Bodzanowo, Radziejów district is clear. Based on the assessment of the zoomorphic style of these two items, their west Siberian origin is assumed. However, bearing in mind the noticeable presence in the Bydgoszcz-Toruń bend of the Vistula River (in Kuyavia and Chełmno-Dobrzyń Lake District) of various artefacts of similar, eastern provenance (bronze and iron militaria and jewellery, but also pottery), some of these product categories can be currently considered as products which could have been produced locally (apart from pottery, also some groups of bronze objects, e.g. trilobe arrowheads). Therefore, it is justified to further explore the problem of assessing the scope of adaptation of cultural patterns, alien to the ‘Lusatian’ environment in the early Iron Age. To date, as a rule, there has been a tendency to interpret these finds as traces of military actions of Scythian groups penetrating the area of southern Poland and reaching the aforementioned bend of the Vistula River. The complexity of the problem is therefore large, and it undoubtedly requires further archaeological and archaeometallurgical research. Nevertheless, it may be much better exposed in the near future, because after publication of the expected results of the prospection conducted within the so-called Chotyniec agglomeration, it will be possible to gain access to new source data, showing the scope and direction of the transmission of eastern cultural patterns.

20

Ozdoby brązowe z Kruchowa, pow. gnieżnieński

63%

Drzewicz A.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2005

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vol. LVII

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issue 57

101-110

EN

The State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw has in its keeping the following set of bronzes from Kruchowo, comm. Trzemeszno, distr. Gniezno, woj. wielkopolskie: neckring, bracelet, four armlets/anklets (PMA/III/5710). Originally, the group included two further pieces, at present lost: a spiral bracelet and another armlet/anklet (Fig. 1). The ornaments, originally in the collection of Józef Tomasz Przyborowski (1823–1896), presumably were discovered around 1850 but nothing more is known about their find-spot or closer time of discovery. The first bronze item from Kruchowo to be discussed is a bronze penannular neckring, fashioned from a circular-sectioned rod (Fig. 1:1), with tapering and hooked terminals. Close to one of the terminals there are traces of repair in the form of additional amount of bronze. The neckring is oval in shape, 13.0×16.0 cm, with rod D. of 0.3–0.5 cm. It is covered by dark green noble patina. Chemical composition of the bronze alloy is shown in Table 1, item 1. The described neckring form is considered typical for northern areas found west of the Odra river, dated to the close of the Bronze Age and onset of Hallstatt C. The four surviving circular or sub-oval annular armlets/anklets fashioned from circular-sectioned rod (Fig. 1:2–4.6) have the following dimensions: a) D. 10.0–10.7 cm, D. of rod 0.7–0.75 cm (Fig. 1:2); b) D. 10.0–10.7 cm, D. of rod 0.7–0.8 cm (Fig. 1:3); c) D. 10.1–11.4 cm, D. of rod 0.5–0.6 cm (Fig. 1:4); d) D. 10.3–11.3 cm, D. of rod 0.5–0.55 cm (Fig. 1:6). All are covered by dark green patina. Chemical composition of the alloy is shown in Table 1, items 2–5. The fifth, at present missing, armlet/anklet was similar in appearance and dimensions: D. ca 10.6 cm, D. of rod ca 0.75 cm (Fig. 1:7). In literature ornaments of the described type are considered as forms distinctive for the Odra region, longlived, but noted on a wider scale only during Late Bronze Age and Hallstatt C, lingering as far as Hallstatt D. Another item from Kruchowo is a bronze 6.3×7.15 cm oval-shaped annular bracelet fashioned from lentoid 0.3–0.4×0.4–0.5 cm rod (Fig. 1:5). Its colour is gold-brown. Chemical composition of its alloy is shown in Table 1, item 6. Similar bracelets occur in Late Bronze Age deposits but are noted also during both sub-periods of the Early Iron Age. The specimen in question may be an import from the Odra river region but alternately, it could have been produced locally by “Lusatian” craftsmen. The last bronze in the set from Kruchowo is the now missing bracelet – an unornamented specimen in the form of three coils of bronze sheet with tapering terminals (Fig. 1:8). Its diameter was 6.7 or 7.0 cm, the thickness of the plano-convex bronze sheet of about 1.0 cm. Chemical composition of the alloy is shown in Table 1, item 7. Similar bracelets are considered to be local “Lusatian” products, thought to occur from BA V until Hallstatt C. The ornaments of interest are all in tin bronze, with the tin content at 0.52%–10.81%. The examined pieces were fashioned by casting in temperatures over 1100ºC. The bronzes from Kruchowo are all fairly unassuming ornaments. However, it is unclear whether originally the set did not consist of a larger number of items. All the pieces of interest dated from BA V and Hallstatt C, and presumably this is also the time of their deposition. It is true, that similar forms are known to endure even until the later phase of the Hallstatt Period, but this presumably is associated with the practice of longlived use of bronze ornaments, particularly the more universal forms. Although the region of provenance of the discussed set lies within the boundaries of the Eastern Wielkopolska group of Lusatian culture only two of the bronzes appear to be local products. The majority – ie no less than six items – are considered imports from the region on the Odra river. It is difficult to establish at present the original nature of the Kruchowo bronzes. Given the structure of the find and fairly uniform chronology of its elements it may be surmised to represent a hoard or its fragment. This is because on the whole it corresponds to the description of similar deposits recorded during the same age in Wielkopolska and Kujawy. It cannot be excluded on the other hand that the objects originally belonged to inventories of one or a larger number of funerary deposits. Indeed, the archival record contains a reference to the discovery in 1889 of a Lusatian culture cemetery at Kruchowo. On occasion graves from the close of the Bronze Age may be fairly richly furnished in metal items, cf for instance the cemetery at Radojewice (Feature 51), distr. Inowrocław. The data at hand it insufficient to determine conclusively the nature of the find from Kruchowo, but it is more likely to have been a hoard.

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