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Nowe znaleziska skarbów i monet wczesnośredniowiecznych pozyskane w trakcie badań powierzchniowych prowadzonych w pobliżu Ostrowa Lednickiego

100%
Tabaka A., Malarczyk D., Ilisch P.
Studia Lednickie
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2022
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vol. 21
165-237
EN
This article is a continuation of earlier studies of coins and Roman clasps discovered during surface surveys conducted with metal detectors on the eastern and southern shores of Lednica Lake. The island of Ostrów Lednicki and its immediate surroundings once belonged to the main centers of the state of the first Piasts. One of the capital’s strongholds was built on it (near Poznań, Gniezno and Giecz), and the palace chapel may have been the site of the baptism of Prince Mieszko I in 966. Scientists studying the area can therefore not be surprised by the numerous material remains discovered here, both immovable (a palace with a baptismal chapel, the remains of houses and road network, extensive embankments, bridges) and movable (small objects related to Christian worship found, among others, near the castle church, household equipment, objects related to the functioning of workshops or farming and breeding). Items of particular interest include the numerous weights used at market places and the associated finds of hoard and coins, which testify to the wealth of the elite who lived here in the past. Bullion deposits discovered up to 2018 have been described in earlier volumes of ‘Lednica Studies’ and other publications. Among the oldest of these are the finding of burnt coins and ornaments, discovered near the rampart in the southern part of the gord (fragments of Islamic coins, Danish coins, German coins, Czech coins and coins of undetermined origin, deposited in the ground in the late 10th or early 11th century); a hoard discovered in the western part of the castle, deposited in the ground after 1064 (Hungarian coins of Geza, Bohemian coins of Bretislaus I, Devensian bishop Bernold, cross denarii of type V-VII), dated to the turn of the 11th/12th century: a hoard from the Gniezno Bridge (6 coin fragments, including two that are most likely imitations of English coins, and a temple ring); a hoard of cross denarii from the settlement (10 pieces, most of which are type VII, representing Polish varieties of cross denarii from the turn of the 11th/12th century). Also of great interest is a collection of loosely discovered coins, among which the most historically valuable are Byzantine follis minted during the joint reign of Basil II and Constantine VIII (976-1025), two denarii of Władysław Herman (1081-1102) and one denarius of Boleslaus IV the Curly (1146-1173). In addition to the above-mentioned early medieval hoards and coins loosely discovered at Ostrów Lednicki, a significant amount of numismatic and jewellry grave furnishings were uncovered at the cemetery in Dziekanowice, which functioned from the turn of 10th/11th centuries to the 13th century. As a result of surface work conducted with metal detectors in 2018-2022, three new early medieval hoards and several so-called loose coins were discovered. Single finds were uncovered in the southern and eastern parts of the study area, while all cluster finds (hoards) were discovered in its central part, on settlements dating to the 9th-13th centuries, near the abutment of the Gniezno Bridge. The most numerous assemblage consisted of 39 fragmentary and fully preserved coins and 2 small fractions of silver scrap (a bar and a tape) weighing a total of 16.93 grams. The described hoard was discovered over a considerable area, in two main clusters located south and north of the parking lot at the Small Open-air Museum. A significant part of it consisted of dirham fragments (15 pieces), including coins of the Sāmānid dynasty, minted in Samarqand, Ziyārids and Iḫšīdids – from 914-976 – and unspecified ones from the late 9th/1st half of the 10th century. For a few small fragments, it was not possible to determine the issuer and mint. The collection of fractions and whole coins minted in the mints of the German Reich was equally numerous. Fragments of two denarii of Henry II minted between 967 and 976 in Regensburg were separated among them. A significant part (5 pieces) were fragments of type I cross denarii. These were small fractions of coins minted in Magdeburg in the years around 975-983. The collection of German denarii is supplemented by copies issued by Otto III at the Cologne mint (1 piece) and by Otto III and Adelaide in Quedlinburg and the Harz region in 983-995 (6 pieces). A fragment of an English denarius of Ethelred II, or rather a Scandinavian imitation of it minted between 997 and 1003(?) was also discovered in the described collection. In the latter case, special attention is drawn to the inverted stamp on the heads, where the right rather than the left profile of the ruler is visible. A fragmentarily preserved coin minted in Greater Poland during the reign of Bolesław the Brave is very important for the described hoard. The issue was an imitation of Otto and Adelaide coins and coins minted in Regensburg and it can be dated to around 1015. This copy is particularly valuable not only because of the dating of the deposit of the hoard into the ground, but also because of the name of the issuer himself, who resided on a nearby island – Ostrów Lednicki. Unspecified (indecipherable) fragments of coins (8 pieces) and a small fragment of a tape and a silver bar are a complement to the hoard. A small hoard of cross denarii recognized as Polish is another cluster find. It consists of 6 coins weighing a total of 4.06 grams. A cluster of these denarii was discovered at the site of one of the early medieval settlements. It was located about 150 m southeast of the ferry crossing to Ostrów Lednicki. The exception was one of the coins, which was discovered about 150 m north of the aforementioned cluster. The collection includes late varieties of cross denarii that can be attributed to Polish mints, in this case those of Kalisz – of Władysław Herman, and probably those of the Gniezno mint – of Archbishop Martin of Gniezno, who probably minted cross denarii in Gniezno with the approval of Prince Zbigniew for the renovation and rebuilding of the local cathedral. Similar coins constitute a significant portion of the assemblages found in Poland, and in recent years. Thanks to the work of Polish numismatists, their local varieties linked to the issue of Władysław Herman, his son Zbigniew and the palatine Sieciech, have been separated. The third hoard is a small collection of Polish coins weighing a total of 2.21 grams discovered in the Small Open-air Museum and adjacent fields, and deposited into the ground around 1143. It includes a type 3a coin of Bolesław III the Wrymouth (1107-1138) and denarii of Władysław the Exile: 1 denarius of type 1 with an image of the prince on the throne and fighting the Lion (dated 1138-1140) and 3 denarii of type 2 depicting the prince and the bishop (dated 1141-mid 1143). The discovered coins were recorded at a considerable distance from each other, so it is uncertain whether they were originally a single assemblage forked during ploughing or whether they are finds of individual coins. Regardless, these denarii are a very valuable collection for Ostrów Lednicki and the surrounding area, testifying to the memory of the place at a time when the stronghold of the first Piasts had already lost its political and cultic significance. Three fragments weighing a total of 1.01 grams were included in the collection of so-called loose coins. They were scattered over a considerable area. The first one was a small fraction of a dirham (about 1/6th of the total) minted during the reign of Naṣr ibn Aḥmad of the Sāmānid dynasty at an unspecified mint in 941/2. Fractions of this ruler’s coins were also observed in the hoard of fragmented coins described above. Another fragment of Bolesław the Brave’s coin, imitating the denarii of Otto and Adelaide and of Regensburg, minted in Greater Poland and dated around 1015 (cf. the first hoards described above) is an extremely valuable find. A fragment of an unspecified fragmented coin that can be dated to the late 10th/early 11th century is the last coin in the collection of loose coins. Thanks to the museum’s research project ‘Razem dla ratowania zabytków’ (‘Together to save the monuments’) implemented since 2018 in the southern and central coastal part of Lednica Lake, and to the people involved, extremely valuable collections have been discovered and developed. In addition to the previously described coins and clasps from the Roman period of influence and the hoards and finds of early medieval coins presented above, a total of several thousand objects have been inventoried, which, after preservation and processing, will greatly enrich the collections of the Museum of the First Piasts at Lednica. In particular, it is worth noting the most recent discoveries of coins of Bolesław the Brave associated with Ostrów Lednicki. To date, only about 20 pieces of similar hybrids with depictions of a shrine and a cross (Polish imitation of the denarii of Otto and Adelaide and Regensburg) have been uncovered. Particular attention should also be paid to the fact that quite a significant number of late cross denarii type VII with a pastorale have been discovered on Ostrów Lednicki and in its immediate vicinity. The large increase in finds of this type of denarii in Wielkopolska hoards and loose finds may attest to the minting activities of Archbishop Martin of Gniezno described above. The newly discovered finds, together with the studies, will certainly significantly enrich the existing knowledge of their users and inhabitants of the immediate vicinity of Ostrów Lednicki, from prehistory to the present day. Articles which describe the findings of the very numerous modern coins minted by the Jagiellons, Vasa, Saxons and Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, as well as the issues from the period of partitions and modern times, are in preparation.
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Wczesnośredniowieczne rybołówstwo mieszkańców Ostrowa Lednickiego na podstawie materiałów z badań podwodnych

84%
Popek M., Mosakowski S., Baranowski K., Ostrowski M., Lewek K.
Studia Lednickie
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2022
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vol. 21
31-56
EN
In the early Middle Ages, fishery was one of the primary means of obtaining food. This activity was also one of the daily activities of the community living on Ostrów Lednicki, as recorded in the historical material. During more than forty years of underwater research, a significant collection of items related to fishery was amassed. As a result, it is possible to try to reconstruct this aspect of the economy. In addition, thanks to the results of archaeozoological studies, it is possible not only to infer the fishing techniques, but also the culinary preferences of the inhabitants of Ostrów Lednicki. Among the relics, one can distinguish objects used for both mass and individual fishing. Mass fishing techniques can include net fishing, the remains of which in the form of floats and weights were found during the survey. Mass fishing methods can also include the use of fish traps. One of such wicker fish traps („wiersza”), along with bait and loot, was found during surveys of the Poznan Bridge. Such fishing activities were used to provide large quantities of fish for the inhabitants of Lednicki Ostrów. The archaeological material also allows us to distinguish quite individual fishing methods. These included the use of spiked tools such as fish gigs. Among the very interesting relics are also fishing lures, which are interpreted as elements of fishing rods. This is a rather inefficient fishing method. However, evidence for the use of fishing rods is provided by a text from a page from an Anglo-Saxon prayer book dating to around 1000, on which St. Peter successfully fishes with a fishing rod. An important aspect of the reconstruction of the Lednica fishery is the comparison of ichthyological and archaeological material, which are compatible. Fish species identified through bone analysis could have been fi shed with tools identified in archaeological relics. Therefore, it can be concluded that a large part of the fish consumed by the inhabitants of Ostrów Lednicki was obtained locally. It should also be noted that traces of imported fish have been found in areas where the elites resided. Despite such intensive local fishery, the demand for fish was so great that certain species desired by the princely court were brought to Ostrów Lednicki. These species were salmonid fish and sturgeon, whose taste qualities made them particularly desirable to the upper classes. The Lednica fishery provided a means of quite important occupation for the community living on the island. The amount of fish, the variety of fishing methods suggests that it was an important way of acquiring food, and the demand for such dishes grew with the development of Christianity in the early Piast state.
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Ślady wczesnośredniowiecznego osadnictwa na dawnej wyspie jeziornej w Bienicach, gm. Dobra, stanowisko 17

84%
Weinkauf M.
Pomorania Antiqua
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2020
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vol. Tom XXIX
s. 181-194
EN
In the 1860s unidentified wooden structures were observed around the peninsula called ‘Heron’s Neck’, which were relics of an alleged stilt village built on both sides of the peninsula and the supposed remains of the bridge crossing from the peninsula to the former island. Both the relics of old structures and the former island (site 17) should be considered in the context of the early medieval settlement complex in Dobra, located on a nearby peninsula. In 2017 on the initiative of the Institute of Archaeology of the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, archaeological research was carried out in Bienice at site 17. The field research was undertaken as part of the NPRH project „ A man on the border…” The site in Bienice has not yet been entered in the conservation register. During the conducted research, both stratigraphic levels and source material from the early Middle Ages were documented. The movable materials included sherds of partially slow wheel-thrown pottery (28 fragments of vessels) with simple shapes and rims referring to vessels of type C/Feldberg or D/Menkendorf and sherds of fully slow wheel-thrown vessels (5 fragments of vessels). The potter analysed can be dated at least to the 10th century. The island in Bienice is a little hill, which in the early Middle Ages was probably a point distinguished from the neighbourhood, surrounded by forest and lake waters. A wooden bridge led to it from the peninsula, the relics of which have not been preserved to this day. The Island, located in a hidden and inaccessible place for the local community, could be a retreat of mythical and sacred significance.
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Relikty osady z młodszych faz wczesnego średniowiecza na stanowisku nr 39 w Krąplewie, gm. Stęszew, woj. wielkopolskie

67%
Pawlak E.
Studia Lednickie
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2022
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vol. 21
109-163
EN
The article is devoted to the relics of a settlement discovered at site 39 in Krąplewo, Poznań county, whose functioning dates back to the late 12th and the first half of the 13th century. It occupied hills stretching on the eastern bank of the Samica Stęszewska River, elevated above the valley floor by almost 20 metres. The remains of residential and farm buildings formed a band stretching across the entire area recognized by the excavation, at a length of about 120 metres. The western zone of the settlement was destroyed during the works preceding the construction of the road – along with the accumulation layer deposited in this part, the ceiling parts of the objects were removed, or those that were buried to a shallow depth were removed completely. The way the buildings are laid out leads us to guess that they were built along the route leading towards the ford on the river. The remains of a residential building (object 40) were preserved in the best condition. Within the boundaries of the 3.36 x 3.32 pit two smaller hollows used as cellars were located. A hearth located in the larger of the two indicates that food was prepared and stored here. In the case of the remaining structures interpreted as relics of residential buildings, only the more heavily sunken cellars were preserved: 2, 3 and 14, 15 and 16, and 33. The houses were accompanied by numerous cavities, mainly associated with the storage of agricultural crops. Among the outbuildings accompanying the residential buildings, those related to metallurgy are noteworthy. The variation in the fill, monumental material and form, testifies to a variety of uses, from smelting ore to processing and treating raw material. Their particular accumulation is evident in the vicinity of the relics of homestead 40, where as many as 4 such objects were discovered: 20, 21, 25 and 38. It is difficult to say whether all the homesteads had equipment related to metallurgy – it is possible that only the occupants of the homestead at building 40 were engaged in metallurgy, and the isolated finds of slags in the fills of the other objects are secondary. Probably, the nearby valley floor of the Samica River and the Trzcielin Canal was the closest place from which it was possible to extract limonite ores, which were later processed at the settlement. The accumulation of objects related to metallurgy indicates that the easements of the Krąplewo settlement were also related to the extraction of ores and their processing. Donations in iron, whether in the form of raw material or finished products, played a rather important role due to the growing demand for the material – even if turf ores did not provide high-quality raw material, they were good enough for the manufacture of necessary tools on the local market. The results of archaeological research conducted on the opposite bank of the Samica River (site 29) indicate that the numerous residential and economic structures discovered there are the remnants of the same settlement that was recognized at site 39. Derived slag, sinter, and fragments of clay jets attest to the mining and processing of iron ore in the area as well. The formation of the settlement at Krąplewo, like several other similarly dated settlements discovered west of Poznań, is linked to the internal colonization of the domain of the Dukes of Greater Poland, which began in the mid-12th century. The analysis of the distribution of these settlements allows us to reconstruct a supra-regional route, connecting Poznań with Silesia, which crossed the wide and inaccessible valley of the Samica River precisely in the region of Krąplewo.
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Średniowieczne krążki ołowiane ze zbiorów Muzeum Pierwszych Piastów na Lednicy w świetle badań traseologicznych. Możliwości wykorzystania badań mikroskopowych do analiz funkcjonalnych zabytków metalowych

59%
Wielgus-Wawrzyniak B.
Studia Lednickie
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2023
97-190
EN
In the course of the Lednica “Together to Save Monuments” Project, which involves surface surveys with metal detectors, many small lead objects, whose function and chronology are difficult to determine, are being discovered. Of these, lead discs with holes stand out, which should be linked to early medieval settlement. So far in the literature, archaeological relics of this type are considered scales’ weights and other weights. New information on the use of lead discs has been provided by traseological studies. This method was established in the middle of the 20th century and developed on the basis of the search for traces of use mainly on fl int and stone tools. In the 21st century, archaeologists began to see the potential of this method for the study of other objects made of bone, clay, and metals, among others. In the present work, macroscopic analyses of 22 objects made of clay and lead were first performed, which included metric characteristics, correlation of hole diameter to object diameter, correlation of height to disc diameter, and weight characteristics. They allowed the preliminary separation of groups of objects with similar parameters and also the determination of potential functions of the studied objects. In the next stage of the work, microscopic analyses were performed, the results of which are presented in the catalogue. As a result of traseological studies, 4 functional groups were distinguished: spinners, weights, beads and others. Each group of discs was distinguished by the presence of different traces in different parts of the objects. In order to determine the material the discs with holes were made of, Dr. Michał Krueger conducted analyses of the chemical composition of the individual items with a handheld XRF spectrometer. As a result, it was indicated that two of them were made of pottery pulp. Thirteen of the discs contain mainly lead, while six were made of a lead-tin alloy. One requires further analysis to determine the metal from which it was made. The present discussion is only an attempt to use traseological studies to identify the function of 22 lead discs. The results obtainedd, however, indicate the great research potential of this type of analysis in determining the function of early medieval monuments.
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