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Mamki – najemne karmicielki w świetle literatury poradnikowej z drugiej połowy XIX i początku XX wieku

100%

Nawrot-Borowska M.

Biuletyn Historii Wychowania

2014

issue 31

85-111

Wet nurses, i.e. hired breast-feeders of babies, were the subject matter of this research. It aims to systematize the advice that was formulated on the pages of “how-to” books regarding the search for, recruitment, and treatment of wet nurses in the homes of one’s charges. The specific duties of wet nurses that were especially expected of them are determined, as well as the errors most frequently committed in their performance, which the authors of how-to books described at length, in order to warn mothers against the incompetence of paid breast-feeders. A comparison of the views of authors of “how-to” books over nearly 70 years will allow us to determine a possible evolution of views regarding wet nursing. The “how-to” books on health, hygiene, and education from the second half of the 19th century and the early 20th century (the period approximately from 1850-1918), published in Polish areas and addressed mainly at families, especially mothers, form the source material for the research. The use of this type of literature will allow us to reconstruct the promulgated image of wet nursing without broader reference to providing help for them, which is worth confronting with the “how-to” recommendations, attempting to determine whether, and to what extent, they were reflected in everyday life (e.g. using epistolary or archival sources, and memoirs). Nevertheless, the authors of “how-to” books also referred to the practice of tending infants and young children, criticizing inappropriate behaviour of wet nurses, while the recommendations formulated by them were to remedy inappropriate behaviour occurring in reality. The issue of wet nursing has not hitherto been analysed in detail in Polish historiography. In recent years, though, a few texts or papers in which one can find more or less extensive information (the less extensive ones predominate) related to breastfeeding by wet nurses in the Polish areas in the Middle Ages, the period of Old Poland, or the partition period, have been published. Thus, it seems even more reasonable to explore this issue, which will help to fill a gap in the development of the history of breastfeeding, nursing, and tending infants and small children.

Obraz matki i macierzyństwa w przekazach źródłowych z historii wychowania

37%

Bartkowiak E.

Wychowanie w Rodzinie

2015

vol. XII

issue (2/2015)

271-294

Motherhood is one of the most important social roles of women. Similar to the role of father and child it is determined by the needs and values that dominate in the society. As we know, up to the XIXth century, the model of the patriarchal family was prevailing in Europe with the domination of husband–father power. The mother first of all should have give care, sacrifice, devotion and at the same time also love. Motherhood was seen differently in the theoretical perspective. Analysis of old source materials that are shows that the role of the mother in the process of breeding was differently understood throughout history and as a consequence the views over the sense of motherhood have changed. Considering different views of motherhood in pedagogical literature over the course of time we can describe it as a gradual evolution of the idea of motherhood: from looking at motherhood more biologically and emotionally to a more and more consciously systematic treating of the motherhood ideology. The image of mother and motherhood in this scientific description was considered normatively including pedagogical theory that found its connections in works of the education and breeding classics collected in history of breeding sources – pre-war and later. It is worth adding that maternal behaviours were sometimes disturbed what was analyzed in pathological categories of exceptions.

Macierzyństwo to jedna z najważniejszych ról społecznych kobiety. Podobnie, jak rola ojca i dziecka jest określana przez potrzeby i wartości dominujące w danym społeczeństwie. Jak wiadomo, w zasadzie aż do XIX wieku przeważał w Europie model rodziny patriarchalnej, z dominującą władzą mężowską i ojcowską. Matka winna była dziecku przede wszystkim troskę, poświęcenie, oddanie, a z czasem – również miłość. Inaczej postrzegano macierzyństwo w perspektywie teoretycznej. Analiza materiałów źródłowych, sięgających czasów antycznych uświadamia, iż rola matki w procesie wychowania była różnie pojmowana na przestrzeni dziejów, a wraz z tym – zmieniały się poglądy na temat sensu macierzyństwa. Rozpatrując różne oblicza macierzyństwa w literaturze pedagogicznej, w ujęciu wertykalnym, można mówić o powolnej ewolucji idei macierzyństwa: od postrzegania macierzyństwa w kategoriach bardziej biologicznych i emocjonalnych do coraz bardziej świadomego i systemowego traktowania ideologii macierzyństwa. Obraz matki i macierzyństwa w niniejszym opracowaniu został rozpatrzony na płaszczyźnie normatywnej, przy uwzględnieniu nade wszystko teorii pedagogicznej, która znalazła swoje odzwierciedlenie w dziełach klasyków wychowania, zebranych w źródłach do historii wychowania, przedwojennych i późniejszych. Warto dodać, że howania macierzyńskie bywały też zaburzone, co w prezentowanym artykule zostało zanalizowane w kategoriach patologicznych wyjątków

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1 Biuletyn Historii Wychowania

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1 Bartkowiak E.

1 Nawrot-Borowska M.

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1 2014

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Mamki – najemne karmicielki w świetle literatury poradnikowej z drugiej połowy XIX i początku XX wieku

Obraz matki i macierzyństwa w przekazach źródłowych z historii wychowania