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1

Zmiany w strukturze własności ziemiańskiej w dystrykcie radomskim 1939–1945,

100%

Gapys J.

Res Gestae. Czasopismo Historyczne

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2013

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vol. 14

213-221

PL

During World War II, a series of changes took place in the social and economic sphere on the Polish lands occupied by Germans. One of spheres subject to German experiment was agriculture. The experiments were carried out both in Third Reich and in the General Government. In the GG, to which the Radom district belonged, the agricultiral sector, especially the great rural property, was subject to numerous modernization procedures (the use of chemical mechanization of production, irrigation, mergers). Germans intended to supply the sector which capital through degression, low-cost credits and exploitation privileges. It was all done in the context of plans for increasing the agricultural production for the war needs of Germany and of preparig for the colonization (i.e. germanization) of GG. Restructuring of the agrarian system was a prelude to this goal. One of the basic issues in this respect, apart from merger, was intervention into the proprietary relationships in farminng. Intervention of various German institutions (Liegenschaftverwaltung, Main Forest Department, Wehrmacht, Waffen SS, Police, local and district organs of the apparatus, general amninistration institutions and manufacturing plants). into the proprietary structure was carried out within the framework of the German property law. It was wery rigorous, howeever, it allowed for broad interpretation, mostly to the advantage of the occupant. The ordinance of 24th january 1940 that concerned the property of natural and legal persons announced that private property can be sequestered due its so-called public usefulness. It also stated that ownerless property (absence of the owner in the property) could be confiscated. While analyzing data from radom district, one can conclude that German intervention was not large-scale. According to estimations, about one fifth of the great property was taken over, the largest part by the Tresury (Liegenschaft, Forest Department) which possessed three quarters of all properties confiscated by the occupants. Properties taken over by the German army, police, SS, industry secctor or local government institutions served immediate war aims (in many cases, well-organized and well-localized properties were cnfiscated). In longer prrspective, they were supposed to become a basiis for the German colonization. Intervention into proprietary relations brought Germans also other than the economic ones. Imprecise and loosely interpreted law become a war instrument of extorting loyalty from the landed gentry. Landowners who wanted to keep their properties were usually forced to some extent of economic "cooperation" with the enemy, i.e. to using preferences, putting aside quotas, yielding to the supervision of the agrarian administration.

2

Wielkie posiadłości ziemskie w Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów i ich wpływ na dzisiejsze środowisko antropogeniczne

72%

Kowalski M.

Studia z Geografii Politycznej i Historycznej

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2012

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vol. 1

113-138

EN

The heritage of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth of Both Nations exerts until today an influence on the shape of the geographical environment of Poland and her eastern neighbours, this fact often not being noticed. A particularly strong imprint on the development of spatial structures results from the existence and functioning of the large feudal property. In the period of the Commonwealth, given the far-reaching decentralisation of authority in the country, such large landed properties enjoyed broad judicial and administrative, as well as economic autonomy. Their position and separate character were in many cases strengthened through the status of principality, entail or county. Under several aspects they reminded of the duchies existing at more or less the same time in the German Reich. Liquidation of the Commonwealth in 1795 brought limitations to the autonomy of the landed estates within the framework of the occupying powers, Russia, Prussia and Austria. They continued, though, to fulfil important administrative, cultural and economic functions. Until peasants were affranchised the landed estates had been the primary organiser of economic life and local administration on rural areas. After the affranchising acts the estates shrunk to the manor farms, employing farmhands, but they still played an essential socio-economic role. Their importance was particularly high under the Prussian occupation, where affranchising had limited dimensions, leaving in the hands of the manor farm owners a significant part of the estate from before (the Prussian way toward the capitalism in farming). In the course of introduction of the socialist system after the World War II, the majority of the landed estates and manor farms were transformed into the state farms, which dominated the landscape of the Polish countryside in many areas of the country. In view of the earlier situation in Prussia, this concerned in a particular manner the western part of the country. At the same time, the peasant family farms functioned, belonging to the successors of the affranchised peasants. Within the framework of the socialist system this sector was subject, as well, to supervision of the state administration and was included in the mechanisms of the socialist economy (e.g. obligatory supplies). Lack of civic tradition, which was especially perceptible on the areas of the former Russian occupation, and was, generally, a far-reaching consequence of the feudal serfdom, was definitely conducive to the introduction of this socialist variety of paternalism. It cannot be excluded that the heritage of feudalism was one of the more important factors facilitating the strengthening of the communist rule in Poland and in the neighbouring countries. The continuity of tradition of the separate socio-economic development of the individual landed estates exerted also influence on the development of characteristic cultural features, leading, in particular, to appearance of the distinct ethnographic groups, and to the development of a separate local and regional awareness. The autonomy of the owners of large estates in terms of religion in the times of the Commonwealth, brought about the differentiated denominational landscape on certain areas. The most striking reflection of these processes is constituted by the community of the Reformed Evangelicals, persisting until today, which developed in the northern part of Lithuania, in the Birże estate of the Protestant line of Radziwiłł family. The administrative separation of the large estates, functioning in many cases in an unchanged territorial form for several centuries, shaped also other elements of the contemporary socio-economic landscape. In the 19th century the landed estates and their internal divisions became the basis for development of the modern territorial administrative division of the country. The traces of these organisational solutions can still be perceived today, first of all in the form of the courses of boundaries of villages, municipalities and counties. Sometimes the existence of the large scale estates (like, e.g., the Zamoyski Entail) influenced the territorial shape of the present-day administrative provinces. The thus described role and significance of the large landed estates allows for considering them as an essential and characteristic element of the political and systemic, as well as socio-economic, order of the Commonwealth, exerting an influence through the consequences of its existence also on the contemporary forms of geographical environment.

PL

Artykuł podkreśla znaczenie wielkich posiadłości ziemskich w ramach systemu polityczno-ustrojowego i społeczno-gospodarczego Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów. Zwrócono również uwagę na utrzymujące się przez stulecia antropogeniczne formy przestrzenne, będące efektem szczególnie silnego oddziaływania wielkich posiadłości na kształt życia społeczno-gospodarczego. Wpływ ten można dziś dostrzec w sposobie zagospodarowania przestrzeni oraz w formach i przebiegu licznych zjawiskach o charakterze politycznym, kulturowym i gospodarczym w Polsce oraz u jej wschodnich sąsiadów.

3

Wielkie posiadłości ziemskie w Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów i ich wpływ na dzisiejsze środowisko antropogeniczne

58%

Kowalski M., Instytut Geografii i Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania PAN

Studia z Geografii Politycznej i Historycznej

|

2012

|

vol. 1

EN

The heritage of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth of Both Nations exerts until today an influence on the shape of the geographical environment of Poland and her eastern neighbours, this fact often not being noticed. A particularly strong imprint on the development of spatial structures results from the existence and functioning of the large feudal property. In the period of the Commonwealth, given the far-reaching decentralisation of authority in the country, such large landed properties enjoyed broad judicial and administrative, as well as economic autonomy. Their position and separate character were in many cases strengthened through the status of principality, entail or county. Under several aspects they reminded of the duchies existing at more or less the same time in the German Reich. Liquidation of the Commonwealth in 1795 brought limitations to the autonomy of the landed estates within the framework of the occupying powers, Russia, Prussia and Austria. They continued, though, to fulfil important administrative, cultural and economic functions. Until peasants were affranchised the landed estates had been the primary organiser of economic life and local administration on rural areas. After the affranchising acts the estates shrunk to the manor farms, employing farmhands, but they still played an essential socio-economic role. Their importance was particularly high under the Prussian occupation, where affranchising had limited dimensions, leaving in the hands of the manor farm owners a significant part of the estate from before (the Prussian way toward the capitalism in farming). In the course of introduction of the socialist system after the World War II, the majority of the landed estates and manor farms were transformed into the state farms, which dominated the landscape of the Polish countryside in many areas of the country. In view of the earlier situation in Prussia, this concerned in a particular manner the western part of the country. At the same time, the peasant family farms functioned, belonging to the successors of the affranchised peasants. Within the framework of the socialist system this sector was subject, as well, to supervision of the state administration and was included in the mechanisms of the socialist economy (e.g. obligatory supplies). Lack of civic tradition, which was especially perceptible on the areas of the former Russian occupation, and was, generally, a far-reaching consequence of the feudal serfdom, was definitely conducive to the introduction of this socialist variety of paternalism. It cannot be excluded that the heritage of feudalism was one of the more important factors facilitating the strengthening of the communist rule in Poland and in the neighbouring countries. The continuity of tradition of the separate socio-economic development of the individual landed estates exerted also influence on the development of characteristic cultural features, leading, in particular, to appearance of the distinct ethnographic groups, and to the development of a separate local and regional awareness. The autonomy of the owners of large estates in terms of religion in the times of the Commonwealth, brought about the differentiated denominational landscape on certain areas. The most striking reflection of these processes is constituted by the community of the Reformed Evangelicals, persisting until today, which developed in the northern part of Lithuania, in the Birże estate of the Protestant line of Radziwiłł family. The administrative separation of the large estates, functioning in many cases in an unchanged territorial form for several centuries, shaped also other elements of the contemporary socio-economic landscape. In the 19th century the landed estates and their internal divisions became the basis for development of the modern territorialadministrative division of the country. The traces of these organisational solutions can still be perceived today, first of all in the form of the courses of boundaries of villages, municipalities and counties. Sometimes the existence of the large scale estates (like, e.g., the Zamoyski Entail) influenced the territorial shape of the present-day administrative provinces. The thus described role and significance of the large landed estates allows for considering them as an essential and characteristic element of the political and systemic, as well as socio-economic, order of the Commonwealth, exerting an influence through the consequences of its existence also on the contemporary forms of geographical environment.

PL

Artykuł podkreśla znaczenie wielkich posiadłości ziemskich w ramach systemu polityczno-ustrojowego i społeczno-gospodarczego Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów. Zwrócono również uwagę na utrzymujące się przez stulecia antropogeniczne formy przestrzenne, będące efektem szczególnie silnego oddziaływania wielkich posiadłości na kształt życia społeczno-gospodarczego. Wpływ ten można dziś dostrzec w sposobie zagospodarowania przestrzeni oraz w formach i przebiegu licznych zjawiskach o charakterze politycznym, kulturowym i gospodarczym w Polsce oraz u jej wschodnich sąsiadów.

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2 Studia z Geografii Politycznej i Historycznej

1 Res Gestae. Czasopismo Historyczne

2 Kowalski M.

1 Gapys J.

1 Instytut Geografii i Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania PAN

1 2013

2 2012

Zmiany w strukturze własności ziemiańskiej w dystrykcie radomskim 1939–1945,

Wielkie posiadłości ziemskie w Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów i ich wpływ na dzisiejsze środowisko antropogeniczne

Wielkie posiadłości ziemskie w Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów i ich wpływ na dzisiejsze środowisko antropogeniczne