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EN
In a referendum held on June 23, 2016, the United Kingdom voted in favour of leaving the European Union. For the first time since its creation in the Lisbon Reform Treaty of 2009, art. 50 TEU will probably now be invoked by the UK for the withdrawal process from the EU, envisaged by the outcome of the referendum, to commence. Article 50 TEU requires that national constitutional arrangements exist so that notification on withdrawal can be made to the European Council. Curiously, to date, the biggest consequence of the referendum outcome has not been the creation of a debate about the role of EU law in the UK legal order, but rather the separation of powers within the UK’s unwritten constitution and which organ of state has authority to activate the art. 50 TEU withdrawal: Parliament or the Executive. The debate has spawned dozens of constitutional blog posts, numerous academic articles, a High Court judicial review of the Government’s position, a second draft independence bill published by the Scottish Government and a judicial review before the Northern Irish Court of Appeal. On one side of the debate, the Government maintains that it alone possesses the Royal Prerogative to ratify and withdraw from international treaties, and thus to make the notification of withdrawal. On the other hand, Parliament and the ’Bremainers’ maintain that any unilateral action by the Government exceeds its authority, and Parliament must provide authorisation; a position which could ultimately result in the referendum outcome being ignored and the UK remaining a Member State. In a third corner, the governments of Scotland and Northern Ireland, two countries within the UK whose electorates voted to remain in the EU, demand a voice in both the decision to leave and in the subsequent negotiations with the EU institutions (note, however, that the status of the devolved administrations will not be addressed in this article, as the issue is considered by the author as being too unclear in the absence of any judicial statement on matters of devolution and institutional hierarchy, including but not limited to the limitations imposed on the doctrine of Parliamentary Sovereignty by the Sewel Convention). The judgment of the High Court has not yet been published, and even if it were there will inevitably be an appeal to the Supreme Court, so it is only possible to speculate on what will happen, but this article intends to provide clarity on the legal principles currently under discussion in the most important constitutional discussion to happen in the UK since it joined the EU in 1973.
EN
In a referendum held on June 23, 2016, the United Kingdom voted in favour of leaving the European Union. For the first time since its creation in the Lisbon Reform Treaty of 2009, art. 50 TEU will probably now be invoked by the UK for the withdrawal process from the EU, envisaged by the outcome of the referendum, to commence. Article 50 TEU requires that national constitutional arrangements exist so that notification on withdrawal can be made to the European Council. Curiously, to date, the biggest consequence of the referendum outcome has not been the creation of a debate about the role of EU law in the UK legal order, but rather the separation of powers within the UK’s unwritten constitution and which organ of state has authority to activate the art. 50 TEU withdrawal: Parliament or the Executive. The debate has spawned dozens of constitutional blog posts, numerous academic articles, a High Court judicial review of the Government’s position, a second draft independence bill published by the Scottish Government and a judicial review before the Northern Irish Court of Appeal. On one side of the debate, the Government maintains that it alone possesses the Royal Prerogative to ratify and withdraw from international treaties, and thus to make the notification of withdrawal. On the other hand, Parliament and the ’Bremainers’ maintain that any unilateral action by the Government exceeds its authority, and Parliament must provide authorisation; a position which could ultimately result in the referendum outcome being ignored and the UK remaining a Member State. In a third corner, the governments of Scotland and Northern Ireland, two countries within the UK whose electorates voted to remain in the EU, demand a voice in both the decision to leave and in the subsequent negotiations with the EU institutions (note, however, that the status of the devolved administrations will not be addressed in this article, as the issue is considered by the author as being too unclear in the absence of any judicial statement on matters of devolution and institutional hierarchy, including but not limited to the limitations imposed on the doctrine of Parliamentary Sovereignty by the Sewel Convention). The judgment of the High Court has not yet been published, and even if it were there will inevitably be an appeal to the Supreme Court, so it is only possible to speculate on what will happen, but this article intends to provide clarity on the legal principles currently under discussion in the most important constitutional discussion to happen in the UK since it joined the EU in 1973.
EN
In the article the issue of withdrawal procedures of a Member State from the structure of the European Union is presented. For a better understanding of the problem of exit procedure, which in accordance with Article 50 TFEU is an integral part of the membership in the EU, is compared to other possible options of withdrawal from the EU. Also the example of Great Britain, whose citizens decided in a referendum to withdraw from the EU and actually initiated the first attempt at withdrawal from the European Union is presented. The main goal of the article is to present scenarios of future relations between the EU and the UK, as well as an attempt to predict future effects, which will take place in case of withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the EU. Scenarios and effects in general are similar for other countries of the European Union if they ever decide to withdraw from the EU.
UK
Стаття присвячується проблематиці пов’язаній з правовими нормами виходу країни члена з Європейського Союзу. Актуальність статті пов’язується з рефендумом у Ве­ликобританії, мешканці якої проголосували за виходом країни із структур ЄС, ство­рюючи новий юридичний прецедент, який не мав місця у юридичній практиці Євро­пейського Союзу. Єдиним схожим був вихід Гренландії із складу Данії у 1985р., проте тоді мова йшла не про окрему державу, а про частину території однієї з держав членів. Для кращого розуміння проблематики автор презентує основні принципи меха­нізму членства країни у Європейському Союзі, а також представляє альтернативні способи виходу країни з ЄС, окрім ст. 50 ДФЄС. Метою статті є представлення сценаріїв розвитку майбутніх відносин між ЄС та Великобританією, а також спроба передбачення майбутніх ефектів, які виникнуть у разі виходу Об’єднаного Королівства з ЄС. Сценарії та ефекти у загальному будуть схожі і для інших країн-членів Європейського Союзу, якщо коли-небудь ними буде прийнято рішення про вихід з ЄС. Зараз існує фактично існує 5 можливих сценаріїв розвитку співпраці між Великобританією та ЄС, щодо яких ведуться переговори між представниками ЄС та Великобританії (переговори триватимуть до 2 років): 1) договір про асоціацію між Великобританією та ЄС — створення виключно зони вільної торгівлі, в рамках якої буде відбуватися експорт та імпорт послуг, а законодав­ство буде спільним лише у сферах пов’язаних з торгівлею; 2) договір згідно з яким Великобританія збереже доступ до спільного ринку ЄС, у схожому порядку як це відбувається поміж Швейцарією та Норвегією, в рамках якого будуть реалізуватися чотири свободи спільного ринку; 3) новий договір для Великобританії, який може включати елементи спільного ринку, а також окремі політики ЄС; 4 цілковита дезінтеграція Великобританії з Європейським Союзом і встановлення нових умов співпраці в рамках СОТ; 5) Великобританія, незважаючи на результати референдуму, може залишитися у складі Європейського Союзу. На сучасному етапі переговорів можна чітко стверджувати, що короткострокові ефекти виходу Великобританії з ЄС були негативними (втрата вартості акцій британських корпорацій, стрімке падіння курсу фунта і ін.), що стосується довгострокової перспективи, вона багато в чому буде залежати від типу договору, який Великобританія підпише з ЄС після виходу. У свою чергу одним з головних завдань ЄС є недопущення ефекту доміно серед інших країн членів, де поширюються євро скептичні погляди, який може призвести вихід Великобританії з ЄС.
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