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EN
On 6-8 October 2011, the 7th international conference on the art of stained glass was held in Rzeszów, organised once again by the “Ars Vitrea Polona” Association of Stained Glass Enthusiasts, this time in cooperation with the Centre for Contemporary Sacred Art Documentation at the Faculty of Art of the University of Rzeszów. The main theme was the art of stained glass of the interwar period. A very interesting, varied picture of Polish stained glass craft of the time emerged from nearly 30 papers presented on the topic. It confirmed the rightness of the thesis put forward in the conference’s title that back then, the Art Déco style was just one of the numerous variants of the Polish stained glass art, situated somewhere halfway between the most conservative and the most avant-garde tendencies and widely accepted by the audience of the time. The meeting in Rzeszów gathered a representative group of Polish stained glass scholars and experts (mainly from Kraków, Katowice and Wrocław), speakers from Lviv and Chicago and a few participants who have only just started their research in the field. During the conference, several theoretical and synthesis papers were presented, as well as – in most cases – papers contributing to further research, discussing selected examples of stained glass art, designers and workshops. The prevailing subjects centred around the Upper and Lower Silesia regions and south-eastern Poland, and works from the areas of Greater Poland and Pomerania were mentioned on occasion. The proceedings, held in the building of the University of Rzeszów Library, were accompanied by an exhibition in the local Art Exhibitions Bureau, entitled In statu nascendi visum and dedicated to Kraków’s stained glass artists of the second half of the 20th century, as well as a tour of places connected with the sacred stained glass art of Rzeszów and Łańcut, organised on the third day of the conference. The conference also provided an opportunity to promote new publications by its co-organisers: a book published by the Association, Witraże secesyjne. Tendencje i motywy (Art Nouveau Stained Glass. Tendencies and Motifs) (the outcome of the previous session on stained glass, held in 2009 in Łódź), and the 3rd issue of the Sacrum et Decorum academic journal of the 19th– and 20th–century sacred art, prepared by the Centre.
PL
Pisanie o kościele katedralnym może łączyć rzetelną wiedzę historyczną i konserwatorską z tradycją duchową chrześcijaństwa. Trwające od wielu lat prace konserwatorskie w koszalińskiej katedrze, które przewidują także korektę instalacyjną witraży w prezbiterium świątyni biskupiej, każą podjąć rozmowę o obecności, historii i znaczeniu tych ponadstuletnich elementów wystroju artystycznego i liturgicznego. W artykule zostały zebrane podstawowe informacje związane z pochodzeniem witraży oraz refleksje nad ich historycznym i aktualnym kontekstem, a także przedstawione pewne sugestie co do ikonograficznego programu prezbiterium katedry.
EN
Writing about the cathedral Church requires combining reliable historical and conservation knowledge with the spiritual tradition of Christianity. Restoration works in the Koszalin cathedral, which have been ongoing for many years, also provide for the installation correction of stained glass windows in the Episcopal chancel of the Episcopal temple, make conversation about the presence, history and significance of these over a century-old elements of artistic and liturgical decor. The article gathers basic information related to the origin of stained glass and reflects on the historical and current context of stained glass, and also gave some suggestions for the iconographic program of the cathedral’s presbytery.
PL
W latach 20. XX wieku rozpoczął się we Francji ruch odnowy sztuki sakralnej, obejmujący także witraż. Jego odrodzenie wiązało się z odejściem od iluzjonistycznego charakteru witrażownictwa XIX wieku i nawiązaniem do monumentalizmu oraz duchowej tradycji średniowiecza. Poszukiwania nowej koncepcji witrażu zarówno w aspekcie ideologicznym, jak i technologicznym zaowocowały powstaniem „witraży artystów” (vitraux d’artistes), realizowanych od połowy XX wieku na oficjalne zlecenia, dzięki współpracy instancji kościelnych i władz państwowych, która w latach 80. XX wieku zyskała ścisłe podstawy prawne i finansowe. Etapy tej ewolucji wyznaczały zespoły witraży projektowane przez mistrzów powojennej awangardy: G. Rouaulta i J. Bazaine’a w Notre Dame de Toute Grâce na płaskowyżu Assy (1937–1946); H. Matisse’a dla Notre Dame du Rosaire w Vence (1940); A. Manessiera w Saint Michel w Les Bréseux z pierwszymi witrażami abstrakcyjnymi (1948); F. Légera, J. Bazaine’a i J. Le Moala we wnętrzach Sacré-Coeur w Audincourt, (1949–1951); Le Corbusiera w Notre Dame w Ronchamp (1951–1955) oraz nowoczesne witraże J. Villona, R. Bissière’a i M. Chagalla, które wprowadzono po raz pierwszy do światowej klasy zabytku architektury, katedry Saint-Étienne w Metzu (1955). Rekonstrukcja katedry Saint-Cyr et Sainte-Julitte w Nevers dała okazję do zaprezentowania swojej wizji malarstwa witrażowego przedstawicielom młodszej generacji: R. Ubacowi, C. Viallatowi, J.M. Alberoli, G. Honeggerowi i F. Rouanowi (1973– 2011). Z wyjątkiem Alberoli wszyscy związani byli z rozwijającymi się od lat 50. XX wieku tendencjami niefiguratywnymi. W ten sam nurt wpisywały się odwołujące się do tradycji cysterskich wybitne realizacje J.P. Raynauda w Noirlac (1975–1977), P. Soulages’a w Conques (1986), J. Ricardona w Acey (1991–1994) czy A. Nemours, przedstawicielki ruchu Art Concret, w Salagon (1998). Powrót do figuracji znalazł kontynuację w projektach G. Garouste’a dla Notre Dame de Talant (1996– 1997), C. Benzaken dla Saint-Sulpice w VarennesJarcy (1991–2007), M. Raysse’a, związanego z ruchem Nouveau Réalisme, dla Notre-Dame de l’Arche d’Alliance w Paryżu (1986–1998) i G. Collin-Thiébauta dla Saint Gatien w Tours (2010–2013). Twórcy vitraux d’artistes zaakceptowali narzucone ramy programowe, nie rezygnując przy tym z wolności wyboru środków wyrazu i konwencji estetycznych. Dzięki ich poszukiwaniom i kreatywności, wprowadzaniu innowacyjnych procesów technologicznych czy nowemu odczytaniu tradycyjnych materiałów i metod warsztatowych, a także odwadze zleceniodawców kościelnych i państwowych francuski witraż w pełni włączył się w ewolucję współczesnej ekspresji plastycznej.
EN
In the 1920s, a movement of revival of sacred art began in France, which also included stained glass. Its revival was associated with a departure from the illusionistic character of stained glass of the 19th century and a reference to monumentalism and the spiritual tradition of the Middle Ages. The search for a new concept of stained glass, both in its ideological and technological aspects, resulted in the creation of “artists’ stained glass” (vitraux d’artistes), realised from the middle of the 20th century on official commissions, thanks to the cooperation of ecclesiastical institutions and state authorities, which acquired a firm legal and financial basis in the 1980s. The stages of this evolution were marked by stained glass ensembles designed by the masters of the post-war avant-garde: G. Rouault and J. Bazaine in Notre Dame de Toute Grâce on the plateau Assy (1937–1946); H. Matisse for Notre Dame du Rosaire in Vence (1940); A. Manessier in Saint Michel in Les Bréseux with the first abstract stained-glass windows (1948); F. Léger, J. Bazaine and J. Le Moal in the interior of Sacré-Coeur in Audincourt, (1949–1951); Le Corbusier in Notre Dame in Ronchamp (1951– 1955) and the modern stained glass of J. Villon, R. Bissière and M. Chagall, which was introduced for the first time to a world-class monument of architecture, the Cathedral of Saint-Étienne in Metz (1955). The restoration of the Cathedral of Saint-Cyr et Sainte-Julitte in Nevers provided an opportunity for representatives of the younger generation: R. Ubac, C. Viallat, J.M. Alberola, G. Honegger and F. Rouan (1973–2011), to showcase their vision of stained glass painting. With the exception of Alberola, all were associated with the non-figurative trends that had been developing since the 1950s. The same trend referring to the Cistercian tradition included the outstanding realisations of J.P. Raynaud in Noirlac (1975–1977), P. Soulages in Conques (1986), J. Ricardon in Acey (1991–1994) and A. Nemours, a representative of the Art Concret movement, at Salagon (1998). The return to figuration found a continuation in the projects of G. Garouste for Notre Dame de Talant (1996–1997), C. Benzaken for Saint-Sulpice in Varennes-Jarcy (1991–2007), M. Raysse, associated with the Nouveau Réalisme movement, for NotreDame de l’Arche d’Alliance in Paris (1986–1998) and G. Collin-Thiébaut for Saint Gatien in Tours (2010–2013). The creators of vitraux d’artistes accepted the prescribed programmatic framework without giving up their freedom of choice in means of expression and aesthetic conventions. Thanks to the research and creativity of the artists – the introduction of innovative technological processes or a new interpretation of traditional materials and craft methods – but also the courage of the ecclesiastical and, above all, state commissioners, French stained glass has fully integrated itself into the evolution of contemporary visual expression.
PL
W ciągu wielu wieków istnienia obecny kościół pod wezwaniem Niepokalanego Poczęcia Najświętszej Marii Panny w Koszalinie zmieniał swój kształt architektoniczny oraz charakter wnętrza. Zasadnicze zmiany w jego architekturze dokonywały się głównie w związku z szeroko zakrojonymi restauracjami budowli i licznymi pracami remontowymi o mniejszym zakresie. Z drugą ważną przedwojenną restauracją świątyni, przeprowadzoną w 1914 roku, związane było powstanie – istniejących do dziś – barwnych przeszkleń okien prezbiterium, nawy głównej i naw bocznych kościoła. Przez blisko sto lat witraże koszalińskiej katedry pozostawały anonimowe. Dopiero niedawno odnalezione w kościelnej kancelarii stuletnie akta ujawniły bezcenne, z punktu widzenia badań nad witrażownictwem Pomorza Zachodniego, fakty dotyczące procesu powstania tych interesujących dzieł sztuki. W zachowanej bogatej korespondencji z roku 1914 i początków roku 1915 odnajdujemy informacje o – dotąd nieznanym – wykonawcy katedralnych witraży, których projekt i realizację, po przeprowadzonym wcześniej konkursie, zlecono ostatecznie pracowni Ferdinanda Müllera w Quedlinburgu. Nieznane kościelne archiwalia ujawniają ponadto zleceniodawcę całości prac, fundatora okna prezbiterium oraz wiele szczegółów dotyczących samego procesu powstania projektów w zakresie ogólnej koncepcji i wykonawstwa witraży. Przede wszystkim jednak ten znaczący zespół dokumentów, przechowywany obecnie w Archiwum Diecezji Koszalińsko-Kołobrzeskiej, istotnie uzupełnia szczegółowo opracowany przez badaczy niemieckich katalog witraży autorstwa pracowni w Quedlinburgu.
EN
During many centuries of existence, the present church under the invocation of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Koszalin changed its architectural shape and the character of the interior. The principal changes in its architecture were mainly due to the extensive restorations and numerous renovation works with a smaller scope. The second important pre-war temple restoration, carried out in 1914, was connected with the creation of colored glazed windows of the presbytery, the nave and the side naves of the church. For nearly one hundred years the stained-glass windows of the cathedral in Koszalin remained anonymous. Only recently, the hundred-year-old files found in the church’s office revealed priceless facts from the point of view of research on stained glass of West Pomerania, concerning the process of creating these interesting works of art. In the preserved rich correspondence from 1914 and the beginning of 1915, we find information about the previously unknown cathedral performers, whose design and implementation, after a previous competition, was finally commissioned by Ferdinand Müller’s studio in Quedlinburg. Unknown church archives also reveal the client of the whole work, founder of the presbytery window and many details of the process of creating projects in the field of the overall concept and execution of stained glass. Above all, however, this significant group of documents, currently stored in the Archives of the Koszalin-Kolobrzeg (Kołobrzeg) Diocese, significantly supplements the catalog of stained glass windows drawn up by the German researchers by the studio in Quedlinburg.
EN
Adam Stalony-Dobrzański is an Orthodox artist who significantly influenced the image of the Orthodox art in the second half of the 20th century in Poland, and at the same time contributed to the renaissance of Byzantine-Ruthenian iconography. By popularizing the form of a stained glass window as an element of the Orthodox church interiors, he extended the tradition of Eastern Christian art, finding a medium in the form of glass and lead to express the mystery of the icon. He is the author of at least 342 stained glass compositions made for Orthodox, Catholic and Protestant churches. The multitude of iconographic themes appearing in Stalony-Dobrzański’s stained glass windows – referring to the centuries-old tradition of Christian art – features representations of children. These are the scenes showing the childhood of Jesus and Mary (the Orthodox church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Gródek), presentations of St. Sophia with Faith, Hope and Love (the Holy Trinity Cathedral in Hajnówka, the House of the Metropolitan in Warsaw), the image of the Guardian Angel leading a child (the Catholic church of Our Lady of the Scapular in Stalowa Wola-Rozwadów) or Christ blessing children (the Evangelical-Augsburg Church of Holy Trinity in Warsaw). A kind of iconographic novelty is introduced here with depictions of children as Unknown Saints of our time (the Orthodox church of St John Climacus in Warsaw). In the stained glass windows, we also find images of Jacinta, Francisco and Lucia – three children who witnessed the apparitions of The Blessed Virgin Mary in Fatima, recognized by the Catholic Church.
EN
The interesting question of the stained glass heritage in Poland remains little known. Neither the state of the registration of the monuments nor pertinent knowledge correspond to the actual dimension and value of the resources, with scarce examples of mediaeval stained glass being the best examined. Consecutive generations have been studied only in several centres which, on the one hand, concentrate numerous valuable works and, on the other hand, involve researchers particularly interested in stained glass (Cracow, Wrocław, Toruń, Łodź, Poznań). The sole institution conducting more systematic work on the subject is the ARS VITREA POLONA Association of Lovers of Stained Glass. The article considers briefly consecutive generations of monuments of this category of art: rare and precious mediaeval relics, modern study stained glass, the historicising and eclectic stained glass of the nineteenth century, windows maintained in the Art Nouveau spirit, and the particularly relevant – and stylistically distinct – Young Poland monuments. Finally, the author focused on the protection and conservation of stained glass, indicating the errors frequently committed due to an insufficient appreciation of the technical-artistic uniqueness of this domain of the arts, and expressing her opinion about the sense of embarking upon stained glass projects according to historical cartoons never before executed in glass. The article ends with a discussion of new stained glass in historical objects.
EN
The article is an analysis of the theological program contained in the polychromy and stained glass windows of two Orthodox churches in Podlasie – Gródek and Michałowo, made in the 1950s by Adam StalonyDobrzański (partly with the participation of Jerzy Nowosielski). At the center of the program is soteriology, expressed through Eucharistic, Mariological and apostolic themes. The extraordinary significance of Stalony Dobrzański’s artistic achievements lies in the close combination of ideas, iconography and the written word, as well as the best traditions of the Christian East and West, including the folk tradition.
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