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Wybrane instrumenty ekonomiczne ograniczenia deficytu wody w perspektywie międzynarodowej

100%
Thier A.
Gospodarka w Praktyce i Teorii
|
2016
|
vol. 44
|
issue 3
EN
The article presents the issue of water prices for the population in conditions – on one hand – compliance with EU rule on the costs recovery of water services – and the recommendations of the European Union and the UN so as not to pay for water greater load of household income than 4%. In developed countries, this is much easier than in poor countries, where the rate reaches as high as 10%. Among the consequences of the costs recovery of water services principle, the author analyzes trade issues of water in the stock market and the competition between bottled water and tap water.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono kwestię cen wody dla ludności w warunkach, z jednej strony, przestrzegania regulacji UE w sprawie zwrotu kosztów usług wodnych, a z drugiej strony – zaleceń UE i ONZ, aby płatności za wodę nie przekraczały 4% dochodów gospodarstwa domowego. W krajach rozwiniętych jest to o wiele łatwiejsze niż w krajach biednych, gdzie wskaźnik ten sięga nawet 10%. Wśród opisu skutków przestrzegania zasady zwrotu kosztów usług wodnych autorka analizuje zagadnienia związane z handlem wodą na giełdzie oraz konkurencją między wodą mineralną i wodą z kranu.
2
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Skuteczność filtracji dzbankowej w zmiękczaniu wody wodociągowej i usuwaniu chloru

89%
Kamińska G., Puszczało E., Marszałek A.
Polish Journal of Materials and Environmental Engineering
|
2022
|
vol. 4(24)
13-20
EN
Water hardness, taste, smell, and color are the most important tap water parameters for consumers. Microbiological and physicochemical parameters of tap water should not exceed the permissible values listed in Regulation of Ministry of Health on the quality of water intended for human consumption. Tap water parameters are regularly monitored, however periodically, deviations are allowed, which make it possible to supply water that does not meet the requirements of quality standards. Such a situation causes that consumers have doubts about the health safety of the supplied water. The organoleptic properties of the water such as taste, smell and color can be easily improved at home using jug filters. In this study, we tested the effectiveness of eight inexpensive and easily available jug water filters to soften and remove chlorine from water. Filters were labeled with symbols A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H. Experiments were performed with model water, which was prepared from drinking water taken directly from a sink and spiked with hypochlorite sodium. The hardness of model water was 7.5 mval/L, while free chlorine concentration was equaled 1.1 mg/L. 200 L of model water was filtered by each filter in duplicates. It was found that jug filtration is an effective method for removal of chlorine from water, provided that a use of proper filter. Although, all used filters are dedicated to removal of chlorine from water, not all of them represented a sufficient removal of chlorine. Filters A, B and C were the most effective for chlorine removal. For these filters, chlorine concentration was reduced to the value of 0.075 mg/L. Moreover, for filters A, B, C and E, the concentration of chlorine in the filtrates remained relatively similar throughout the entire experiment. Filters D and H represented the poorest efficiency of chlorine removal. Concentration of chlorine in these filtrates exceeded permissible value recommended by Regulation of Ministry of Health. Among eight studied filters (i.e. 0.3 mg/L), filters A and B are considered as the most effective for water softening. Generally, the efficiency of jug filtration in water softening was at mediocre level and decrease in time. It could have been caused by the high initial hardness of tap water in Gliwice. In the case of very hard water, more often than recommended by the manufacturers replacing the filter cartridges is recommended.
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