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EN
Damage of the surface dehydration of the structure may lead to its complete or partial destruction. However, this matter is quite often not taken into account either at the stage of conceptional work, or salvaging work. An example hare is the west wall of the Middle Castle in Malbork. This wall has broken off together with fragments of transverse walls and the vaulting from the rest of the building, creating an almost independent static arrangement. Its movement continues at the rate of ab. 2 mm a year, in the vertical as well as horizontal direction. From historical and contemporarv accounts it appears that intensification of the danger of this wall took place in three stages. In the 13th cent., the first failure known to us took place. Before this failure, the town was being expanded. Some houses were built next to the west wall. When the danger arose, these were disassembled and a street was built in their place. An intensification of wall cracking took place for the second time in the 19th cent., when during the castle reconstruction, certain changes were also carried out next to the walls. The salvaging operation consisted of the construction of an underground stone buttress, the installement of steel stays and the installment of a drainage gutter allong the wall, and somewhat later the digging of a drainage ditch. In 1960, because of the carried out work, the drainage ditch was filled up and office and storage buildings were put up. The contemporary salvaging operation consisted of the introduction of protecting systems, which did not halt destruction. The above facts point to the relation between the intensification of the wall destruction and the disturbances in the outflow of surface waters. The protection of wall should be based first of all on the elimination of the causes, that is, on the reconstruction of the surface dehydration system.
Medycyna Pracy
|
2015
|
vol. 66
|
issue 1
99-117
EN
The development of the shale industry is gaining momentum and hence the analysis of chemical hazards to the environment and health of the local population is extremely timely and important. Chemical hazards are created during the exploitation of all minerals, but in the case of shale gas production, there is much more uncertainty as regards to the effects of new technologies application. American experience suggests the increasing risk of environmental contamination, mainly groundwater. The greatest concern is the incomplete knowledge of the composition of fluids used for fracturing shale rock and unpredictability of long-term effects of hydraulic fracturing for the environment and health of residents. High population density in the old continent causes the problem of chemical hazards which is much larger than in the USA. Despite the growing public discontent data on this subject are limited. First of all, there is no epidemiological studies to assess the relationship between risk factors, such as air and water pollution, and health effects in populations living in close proximity to gas wells. The aim of this article is to identify and discuss existing concepts on the sources of environmental contamination, an indication of the environment elements under pressure and potential health risks arising from shale gas extraction. Med Pr 2015;66(1):99–117
PL
Rozwój przemysłu łupkowego nabiera tempa, w związku z czym analiza związanych z nim zagrożeń dla środowiska i zdrowia ludzi jest niezwykle aktualna i istotna. Zagrożenia chemiczne powstają podczas eksploatacji złóż wszystkich kopalin, jednak w przypadku eksploatacji złóż gazu łupkowego jest znacznie więcej niewiadomych co do skutków stosowania nowych technologii. Doświadczenia amerykańskie wskazują na narastające ryzyko skażenia środowiska naturalnego, głównie wód gruntowych. Największy niepokój budzi niepełna znajomość składu płynów służących do szczelinowania skał łupkowych oraz nieprzewidywalność odległych skutków szczelinowania hydraulicznego dla środowiska naturalnego i zdrowia mieszkańców. Duża gęstość zaludnienia na starym kontynencie powoduje, że skala zagrożeń jest w Europie znacznie większa niż w USA. Mimo rosnącego niezadowolenia społecznego dane na ten temat są ograniczone. Przede wszystkim brakuje badań epidemiologicznych mających na celu ocenę zależności między czynnikami ryzyka, takimi jak zanieczyszczenie powietrza i wody, a skutkami zdrowotnymi w populacjach żyjących w bliskim sąsiedztwie odwiertów gazowych. Celem artykułu jest wskazanie i omówienie istniejących koncepcji na temat źródeł skażenia środowiska, wskazanie elementów środowiska najbardziej podlegających zmianom w wyniku eksploatacji gazu łupkowego i potencjalnych zagrożeń zdrowotnych. Med. Pr. 2015;66(1):99–117
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