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EN
The aim of this article is to examine the origin of “hot nationalism” in the Balkans. Undoubtedly, this kind of nationalism was the final element of the Balkan Wars, that erupted in 1912. The author presents the hypothesis that all Balkan conflicts have in common many factors. First of all, they were leading to develop of the modern nationalism. The ethnic cleansing, which were conducted during the Balkans Wars became the origin of the next Balkan conflicts in XX and XXI centuries. Furthermore, the most important acts of cruelty, violations, rapes, murders are being described along with the overall as it is being manifested in the case of Macedonia. The crucial source of this article constitutes The other Balkan Wars. A 1913 Carnegie Endowment inquiry in retrospect with a new introduction and reflections on the present conflict by George F. Kennan, written in Washington 1993, based on Carnegie Commission Report (1914), whose authors emphasized that “hot nationalism” manifested itself on the field of battle, drew on deeper traits of character inherited, presumably, from a distant tribal past, a tendency to view the outsider, with dark suspicion, and to see the political opponent as a fearful and implacable enemy to be rendered harmless only by total and unpitying destruction. The author asks the question if the “Eastern nationalism”, the most ferocious nationalism, still causes the threat to the security not only in the South Europe but also in the Old Continent?
PL
The aim of this paper is to examine the origin of “hot nationalism” in the Balkans. Undoubtedly, this kind of nationalism was the final element of the Balkan Wars, that erupted in 1912. The author presents the hypothesis that all Balkan conflicts have in common many factors. First of all, they were leading to develop of the modern nationalism. The ethnic cleansing, which were conducted during the Balkans Wars became the origin of the next Balkan conflicts in XX and XXI centuries. Furthermore, the most important acts of cruelty, violations, rapes, murders are being described along with the overall as it is being manifested in the case of Macedonia. The crucial source of this article constitutes The other Balkan Wars. A 1913 Carnegie Endowment inquiry in retrospect with a new introduction and reflections on the present conflict by George F. Kennan, written in Washington 1993, based on Carnegie Commission Report (1914), whose authors emphasized that “hot nationalism” manifested itself on the field of battle, drew on deeper traits of character inherited, presumably, from a distant tribal past, a tendency to view the outsider, with dark suspicion, and to see the political opponent as a fearful and implacable enemy to be rendered harmless only by total and unpitying destruction. The author asks the question if the “Eastern nationalism”, the most ferocious nationalism, still causes the threat to the security not only in the South Europe but also in the Old Continent?
EN
Montenegro, the smallest of the Balkan states in the beginning of the 20th century, was especially interested in creating an anti-Turkish alliance. It aimed at attaching the fertile lands of Sandžak of Novi Pazar, Metohija and Shkodër. Finally, as a result of the I Balkan War, it managed to achieve the first two aims, only if partially, because it had to share those lands with Serbia. Montenegro did not manage to take over control of Shkodër and the surroundings inhabited mainly by Albanians. There were many reasons why Montenegro did not manage to realize its territorial aspirations: – the poor financial condition of the state of Montenegro on the eve of the war, which prevented them from gaining a strong position in the Balkan alliance and made a success in its military actions dependent on the allies, especially on Serbia; – the detrimental pressure exerted by king Nicolas I to fight at any cost for the control over Shkodër; – a conflict of interest and mistakes made by the Montenegro authorities in developing their relations with Serbia, which weighed later on the relations between Montenegro and Serbia in the period between the Balkan wars and the First World War, as well as at the time when Yugoslavia began to unite around the idea of building the common state. – not appreciating to a sufficient degree the significance of the Albanian problem and not using the possession of the North Albanian lands as a bargaining chip in the relations with neighbors, particularly with Serbia.
UK
У статті проаналізовано публікації у київській газеті “Рада” які стосувалися подій у Болгарії наприкінці ХІХ – на початку ХХ ст. Часопис виходив упродовж 1906-1914 рр. Він, на постійній основі оприлюднював матеріали які розглядали актуальні питання економічного, громадського і культурного життя сусідніх з Україною слов’янських народів. У процесі дослідження, встановлено, що увагу редакції та читачів привертали історія і особливості національного відродження Болгарії. На шпальтах часопису друкувалися кореспонденції які розповідали про міжнародні відносини на Балканах, україно-болгарські культурні контакти, тощо. Широко висвітлювалися заходи із вшанування пам’яті Т. Шевченка. Детально розповідаючи про економіне, політичне, культурне життя тогочасної Болгарії, заглиблюючись у військові дії і перебіг Балканських війн, часопис акцентував увагу на держаності і політичній системі, свободах, участі населення у самоврядуванні, високому рівні патріотизму і самосвідомості. Це був натяк, для українців, на необхідність плекати рідну мову, шанувати минуле, консолідуватися у боротьбі за власне майбутнє і вивчати і запозичувати успішний досвід сусіднього слов’янського народу. Болгарську проблематику висвітлювали кілька кореспондентів видання А. Ніковський, С. Бардяєв, О. Бочковський, Ф. Матушевський, Л. Пахаревський, С. Драгоманов, Л. Шишманова-Драгоманова.
PL
Artykuł analizuje publikacje w kijowskim czasopismie «Rada» dotyczące wydarzeń w Bułgarii końca XIX i początku XX wieku. Pismo ukazywało się w latach 1906-1914. Na stałe publikował materiały dotyczące aktualnych problemów życia gospodarczego, społecznego i kulturalnego sąsiadujących z Ukrainą narodów słowiańskich. W trakcie badań ustalono, że uwagę redaktorów i czytelników przyciągnęła historia i osobliwości odrodzenia narodowego Bułgarii. Na łamach czasopisma drukowano korespondencję, która opowiadała o stosunkach międzynarodowych na Bałkanach, kontaktach kulturalnych ukraińsko-bułgarskich itp. Wydarzenia upamiętniające T. Szewczenkę były szeroko relacjonowane. Mówiąc szczegółowo o życiu gospodarczym, politycznym i kulturalnym Bułgarii w tym czasie, zagłębiając się w operacje wojskowe i przebieg wojen bałkańskich, czasopismo skupiono na państwowość i ustrój polityczny, wolności, udział ludności w samorządzie, wysoki poziom patriotyzmu i samoświadomości. Była to wskazówka dla Ukraińców, że trzeba pielęgnować swój język ojczysty, szanować przeszłość, umacniać się w walce o własną przyszłość, studiować i zapożyczać pomyślne doświadczenia sąsiednich Słowian. Kwestie bułgarskie poruszało kilku korespondentów w swoich publikacjach: A. Nikovsky, S. Bardiaev, O. Bochkovsky, F. Matushevsky, L. Pakhaevsky, S. Dragomanov, L. Shishmanova-Dragomanova.
EN
The article analyzes the publications in the Kyiv Rada magazine concerning the events in Bulgaria in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The magazine was published during 1906-1914. It published materials on a regular basis that addressed urgent issues of economic, social and cultural life of the Slavic peoples neighboring Ukraine. In the course of the research, it has been established that the history and features of the national revival of Bulgaria attracted the attention of the editors and readers. The pages of the magazine published correspondence about international relations in the Balkans, Ukrainian-Bulgarian cultural contacts, etc. The magazine focused on statehood and political system, freedoms, participation in self-government, high patriotism and self-awareness. It was a hint for Ukrainians of the need to cherish their native language, respect the past, consolidate in the struggle for their own future, and study the successful experience of the neighboring Slavic people.
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