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Gender Studies
|
2012
|
vol. 11
|
issue 1
172-182
EN
The construction of feminine characters in nineteenth century English and Romanian comedies reflects the changes that the two societies were experiencing, especially the fact that women were no longer confined to domestic life. The plays feature women assimilating the latest fashions and lifestyles, their aspirations to change their status and their steps towards emancipation
Zapiski Historyczne
|
2019
|
vol. 84
|
issue 2
235-252
EN
The article presents the biography and scientific achievements of the outstanding researcher of ancient culture, Margarete Bieber (1879–1978). At the same time, it is an example of women’s emancipatory aspirations in this region at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. The article describes the less-known Pomeranian roots of Margarete Bieber. She came from Przechów (Schönau, Świecie district) in former Western Prussia. Bieber was the first woman from Western Prussia to pass high school final examinations in Toruń in 1901. Then, despite all kinds of difficulties arising from her gender and ethnicity, she made an excellent academic career in Germany and the United States. The article also describes in detail the Pomeranian Bieber family living in Przechów and their property status (until the sale of the mills in 1921). Jacob Bieber, Margarete’s father, the owner of “the most important mills in Pomerania – Przechowo”, who perhaps was interested in ancient art himself, supported the scholar’s research for a long time. The high financial and social status of the family was important for her educational opportunities, but it was not recognized in the article as the most important reason for her success. First of all, her personality features, talent and great diligence were emphasized.
EN
The article presents the biography and scientific achievements of the outstanding researcher of ancient culture, Margarete Bieber (1879–1978). At the same time, it is an example of women’s emancipatory aspirations in this region at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. The article describes the less-known Pomeranian roots of Margarete Bieber. She came from Przechów (Schönau, Świecie district) in former Western Prussia. Bieber was the first woman from Western Prussia to pass high school final examinations in Toruń in 1901. Then, despite all kinds of difficulties arising from her gender and ethnicity, she made an excellent academic career in Germany and the United States. The article also describes in detail the Pomeranian Bieber family living in Przechów and their property status (until the sale of the mills in 1921). Jacob Bieber, Margarete’s father, the owner of “the most important mills in Pomerania – Przechowo”, who perhaps was interested in ancient art himself, supported the scholar’s research for a long time. The high financial and social status of the family was important for her educational opportunities, but it was not recognized in the article as the most important reason for her success. First of all, her personality features, talent and great diligence were emphasized.
EN
This paper presents an outline of development of the emancipation movement in the territory of present-day Ukraine from the last third of the nineteenth century to the end of the 1930s (when the Sovietization of Ukraine culminates), the development of women’s self-awareness, and the increasing presence of women in Ukrainian public life – and its influence on dissemination of women’s official and managerial names in Ukrainian press releases. It focuses mainly on the research of feminist ideas and the nature of their spreading in various regions of western Ukraine in the 1920s and 1930s which, in this period, were part of different state arrangements (Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia) compared to the Soviet Ukraine; the role of women’s organizations in shaping women’s public awareness and public opinion of a woman as a full-fledged active person, and the role of periodicals in this process. Explored are the changes in the position of women in western Ukraine, reflection on the processes of feminization of society in the dynamics of the female lexicon at the beginning of the twentieth century. The problems of women’s emancipation in Ukrainian society are observed against the background of intensifying feminization processes in the West Ukrainian version of the Ukrainian language in the 1920s–1930s. The research material consisted of the texts of the West Ukrainian press releases from the 1920s and 1930s. The material used for illustration testifies to the spheres and facts of functioning of the then established, as well as newly created language designations of the female person, especially the official and managerial names in the language of West Ukrainian periodicals.
EN
In the article, in the context of the recognition of socio-cultural determinants of gender history and critical analysis of foreign studies by the author, an attempt was made to generalize the evolution of the position of women in Tunisia in the 20th and early 21st centuries. It is the Tunisian version of solving the problem of women’s emancipation that most modern researchers consider as the most successful example for the Islamic world. The views of well-known feminists and representatives of the Islamic world regarding actualization of the problem are presented. The influence of the French authorities on the manifestations of the ideas of Western feminism, as well as the influence of Islamic reformists on the problems of women’s education and women’s participation in social and political life, is shown. In the course of the research, the author substantiates the following conclusions, namely: during the century, the social evolution of Tunisian society was determined by the process of adaptation and change of traditional socio-cultural foundations to new historical conditions. The established secular regime, after the proclamation of the Republic, for a decade was under pressure from the Islamic opposition, which initially existed in a cultural and educational form, and in the last decade of the 20th century took shape as a political one. The history of the last decade of the Republic shows that socio-cultural traditions have become the most important mechanism for the formation of intellectual and political values that contribute to national unity. This process determined both the nature and the stages of the women’s movement, which was formed during the period of the national liberation struggle, being its component. After the declaration of independence, Tunisian women de jure received political and social rights. There was a process of organizational design of the women’s movement, but this movement experienced decades of paternalistic control during the rule of Habib Bourguiba. A qualitatively new stage is associated with the presidency of Ben Ali and his politics: from “managed democracy” to a totalitarian regime, which led to the formation of a female political opposition. As mentioned above, the events of the 2010s opened perspectives in the issues of overcoming gender asymmetry.
UK
У статті, у контексті визнання соціокультурних детермінантів ґендерної історії та критичного аналізу зарубіжних досліджень автором, було зроблено спробу узагальненої характеристики еволюції становища жінок у Тунісі у ХХ – початку ХХІ ст. Саме туніський варіант вирішення проблеми емансипації жінок більшість сучасних дослідників розглядають як найвдаліший приклад для ісламського світу. Представлено погляди як відомих феміністок так і представниць ісламського світу щодо актуалізації проблеми. Показано вплив французської влади на прояви ідей західного фемінізму, а такжо вплив ісламських реформістів на проблеми жіночої освіти та участі жінок у суспільно-політичному житті. Під час дослідження автором обґрунтовуються наступні висновки, а саме: протягом століття соціальна еволюція туніського суспільства детермінувалася процесом адаптації та зміни традиційних соціокультурних засад до нових історичних умов. Світський режим, що встановився, після проголошення Республіки протягом десятиліття зазнавав тиску з боку ісламської опозиції, яка спочатку існувала в культурно-просвітницькій формі, а в останнє десятиліття ХХ століття оформилося як політичне. Історія останнього десятиліття Республіки свідчить про те, що соціокультурні традиції стали найважливішим механізмом формування інтелектуальних та політичних цінностей, що сприяють національній єдності. Цей процес визначив як характер, так і етапи жіночого руху, що пройшло становлення в період національно-визвольної боротьби, будучи його складовою. Після проголошення незалежності туніські жінки де-юре отримали політичні та соціальні права. Відбувся процес організаційного оформлення жіночого руху, проте цей рух відчував на собі десятиліття патерналістського контролю під час правління Хабіба Бургіби. Якісно новий етап пов’язаний із президентством Бен Алі та його політикою: від «керованої демократії» до тоталітарного режиму, що призвело до формування жіночої політичної опозиції. Як зазначалося вище, події 2010-х рр. відкрили перспективи у питаннях подолання ґендерної асиметрії.
DE
Alles über Sally von Arno Geiger unter Einbeziehung der soziologischen Kategorie ‚Neue Bürgerlichkeit’ analysiert. Diese Kategorie dient der Beschreibung von neokonservativen Tendenzen in den Haltungen der Europäer an der Wende vom 20. zum 21. Jahrhundert. In der neuesten Forschung wird auf eine neue Qualität der bürgerlichen Kultur hingewiesen. Diese wird als eine Koinzidenz des seit drei Jahrzehnten andauernden Individualisierungsprozesses mit Werten, die traditionell als bürgerlich gelten, definiert. Die in der vorgenommenen Romananalyse angesprochene Frage der Frauenemanzipation wird als Ausgangs- und Bezugspunkt des modernen Verbürgerlichungs- und Sozialisationsprozesses betrachtet.
EN
The picture of a society in Alles über Sally, Arno Geiger’s novel, presented from the perspective of a contemporary family and marriage, has been submitted to the analysis whose aim was to find any possible traces referring to “ a new bourgeois class”. This category can be used to describe neoconservative trends in the attitudes of the citizens of Europe on the verge of 20th and 19th centuries. Contemporary researchers regard the coincidence of the process of individualisation and traditional middle class values that lasting for the last three years to be a new quality of culture. The analysis of the novel focuses on the theme of women’s emancipation as both the starting point and as a reference point for the contemporary model of socialization.
PL
Obraz społeczeństwa przedstawiony w powieści Arno Geigera Wszystko o Sally (Alles über Sally), ukazany przez pryzmat współczesnej rodziny i małżeństwa, poddany został analizie pod kątem opisywanej przez socjologów ʻnowej mieszczańskości’. Kategoria ta służy opisowi neokonserwatywnych trendów w postawach Europejczyków schyłku XX i początku XXI wieku. Współcześni badacze za nową jakość kultury miesz¬czańskiej uważają koincydencję, trwającego od trzech dziesięcioleci, procesu indywidu¬alizacji i tradycyjnych wartości mieszczańskich. W analizie powieści wyeksponowany został temat emancypacji kobiet zarówno jako punkt wyjścia, jak i punkt odniesienia dla współczesnego modelu socjalizacji.
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