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Mitigation measures of electromagnetic field exposure in the vicinity of high frequency welders

100%
Zubrzak B., Bieńkowski P., Cała P.
Medycyna Pracy
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2017
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vol. 68
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issue 6
693-703
EN
Background Presented information about the welding process and equipment, focusing on the emission of electromagnetic field (EMF) with levels significant in terms of the labor safety regulations in force in Poland – the ordinances of the Minister of Family, Labour and Social Policy that came into force on June 27, 2016 and June 29, 2016 – emerged due to harmonization with European Union directive 2013/35/EU of 26 June 2013 of the European Parliament and the Council. They presented methods of determination of the EMF distribution in the welding machine surroundings and analyzed the background knowledge from the available literature. Material and Methods The subject of the analysis included popular high frequency welders widely used in the industry. Electromagnetic field measurements were performed in the welder operating place (in situ) during machine normal operations, using measurement methods accordant with labor safety regulations in force in Poland and according to the same guidelines, the EMF distributions and parameters having been described. Results They presented various scenarios of particular, real examples of excessive exposure to EMF in the dielectric welder surroundings and showed solutions, ranging from simple and costless and ending on dedicated electromagnetic shielding systems, which allowed to reduce EMF exposure in some cases of more than 80% (protection zone ranges) or eliminate dangerous zone presence. Conclusions It has shown that in the dielectric welders surrounding, significant EMF strength levels may be the result of errors or omissions which often occur during development, installation, operation or modification of welding machines. It has allowed to present the measures that may significantly reduce the exposure to EMF of workers in the welder surroundings. The role of accredited laboratories in helping in such cases was underlined. Med Pr 2017;68(6):693–703
2
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Electromagnetic fields exposure assessment among workers at broadcast centers in Poland

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Politański P., Aniołczyk H., Gadzicka E., Bortkiewicz A., Zmyślony M.
Medycyna Pracy
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2018
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vol. 69
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issue 5
477-482
EN
Background In the studies investigating the potential health effects of occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF), the key problem is the assessment of workers’ exposure. Electromagnetic fields exposure assessment requires determining maximum EMF levels, for the acute effect, and the dose absorbed, for the cumulative effect. A study was undertaken to determine EMF exposure in workers at broadcasting centers (BCs) in Poland. It was the first part of a comprehensive project on health effects of occupational exposure to EMF. Material and Methods The study was conducted in 4 selected BCs. Spot measurements of electric field strength (E), and the results of E measurements that were made in the past for occupational hygiene assessments, were used for determining workers’ exposure to electric field. The parameters considered were the maximum E value ($\text{E}_\text{max}$), the weighted average E value ($\text{E}_\text{avg}$) and the E lifetime dose ($\text{E}_\text{lifetime dose}$). Results In the group of workers examined, the E values did not exceed 16.7 V/m for Emax (the occupational exposure limit (OEL) for work shift in Poland is 20 V/m), 2.9 V/m for $\text{E}_\text{avg}$ and 1 500 000 (V/m)²×h for $\text{E}_\text{lifetime dose}$. Conclusions In view of the lack of dosimetry data, a retrospective assessment of BC workers’ exposure to very high frequency and ultra-high frequency EMF was conducted, which made it possible to estimate EMF lifetime dose for the workers. Since the EMF exposure levels at BCs did not exceed the admissible values, they can be considered safe to the workers’ health, according to the approach used for developing OELs for EMF exposure. Med Pr 2018;69(5):477–482
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Optymalizacja metodyki pomiaru wieloczęstotliwościowego pola elektromagnetycznego stacji bazowych telefonii komórkowej

67%
Bieńkowski P., Cała P., Zubrzak B.
Medycyna Pracy
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2015
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vol. 66
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issue 5
701-712
EN
Background This paper presents the characteristics of the mobile phone base station (BS) as an electromagnetic field (EMF) source. The most common system configurations with their construction are described. The parameters of radiated EMF in the context of the access to methods and other parameters of the radio transmission are discussed. Attention was also paid to antennas that are used in this technology. Material and Methods The influence of individual components of a multi-frequency EMF, most commonly found in the BS surroundings, on the resultant EMF strength value indicated by popular broadband EMF meters was analyzed. The examples of metrological characteristics of the most common EMF probes and 2 measurement scenarios of the multisystem base station, with and without microwave relays, are shown. Results The presented method for measuring the multi-frequency EMF using 2 broadband probes allows for the significant minimization of measurement uncertainty. Equations and formulas that can be used to calculate the actual EMF intensity from multi-frequency sources are shown. They have been verified in the laboratory conditions on a specific standard setup as well as in real conditions in a survey of the existing base station with microwave relays. Conclusions Presented measurement methodology of multi-frequency EMF from BS with microwave relays, validated both in laboratory and real conditions. It has been proven that the described measurement methodology is the optimal approach to the evaluation of EMF exposure in BS surrounding. Alternative approaches with much greater uncertainty (precaution method) or more complex measuring procedure (sources exclusion method) are also presented. Med Pr 2015;66(5):701–712
PL
Wstęp W artykule przedstawiono charakterystykę źródła pola elektromagnetycznego (PEM), jakim jest stacja bazowa (base station – BS) telefonii komórkowej. Opisano najczęściej spotykane konfiguracje systemowe wraz z ich budową i omówiono specyfikę promieniowanego PEM w zależności od sposobu dostępu do usług telekomunikacyjnych i parametrów transmisji radiowej. Poświęcono także uwagę antenom, jakie są montowane na masztach BS i podano ich typowe parametry. Materiał i metody Analizie poddano wpływ poszczególnych składowych pola wieloczęstotliwościowego, jakie najczęściej jest spotykane w otoczeniu BS, na wypadkowe natężenie PEM mierzone za pomocą popularnych mierników szerokopasmowych. Przedstawiono przykładowe charakterystyki najczęściej spotykanych sond PEM i 2 scenariusze pomiarowe: w jednym źródłem PEM była wielosystemowa stacja bazowa z mikrofalowymi liniami radiowymi, w drugim – stacja bez linii radiowych. Wyniki Przedstawiono metodę pomiaru wieloczęstotliwościowego PEM za pomocą 2 sond szerokopasmowych, która pozwala na znaczne zminimalizowanie niepewności pomiaru. Wzory i przekształcenia, za których pomocą można obliczyć rzeczywiste natężenie PEM w otoczeniu źródeł wieloczęstotliwościowych, zweryfikowano w warunkach laboratoryjnych na specjalnym stanowisku wzorcowym wieloczęstotliwościowego PEM oraz w warunkach rzeczywistych – podczas wykonywania pomiaru istniejącej stacji bazowej z mikrofalowymi liniami radiowymi. Wnioski Metodykę pomiaru natężenia PEM w otoczeniu stacji bazowych z mikrofalowymi liniami radiowymi zwalidowano w warunkach zarówno laboratoryjnych, jak i rzeczywistych, co pozwoliło w znacznym stopniu ograniczyć niepewność pomiaru tak specyficznego źródła PEM. Jest to najbardziej optymalne podejście do przeprowadzenia oceny ekspozycji na PEM w otoczeniu BS. Alternatywną metodą oceny jest metoda ostrożności (o znacznie większej niepewności pomiaru) i metoda wyłączenia jednego ze źródeł (o bardziej skomplikowanej procedurze pomiarowej). Med. Pr. 2015;66(5):701–712
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