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EN
The entire study is devoted to the question of the imputability of criminal responsibility to a minor acting under the conditions set out in Article 10 § 2 of the Polish Criminal Code for acts committed in various phenomenal forms. In the first part of the study, the author presents four concepts existing in this field in Polish literature and basic arguments for each of them. He pointed to his own concept and justified it by referring to complicity and multiplicity.
PL
Opracowanie jest poświęcone kwestii możliwości przypisania odpowiedzialności karnej nieletniemu działającemu w warunkach określonych w art. 10 § 2 k.k. za czyny popełnione w różnych postaciach zjawiskowych. W pierwszej części autor prezentuje cztery koncepcje istniejące w tym zakresie w polskiej literaturze i podstawowe argumenty przemawiające za każdą z nich. Wskazujeteż własną koncepcję i uzasadnia ją, odwołując się do współsprawstwa i wielosprawstwa.
PL
The two tomes prepared by the team of authors directed by B. Engelking and J. Grabowski are a scientific and publishing phenomena in Poland. Nine independent, author monographies on the level of poviat, municipality and village, devoted to the case of Holocaust, but perceived through the prism of microhistory. All the texts were prepared accordingto the common, agreed upon draft, with accent put on the issue of experience and course ofevents (German occupation, Soviet occupation), and most of all the survival strategy and the Polish-Jewish, Polish-Polish and Ukranian-Jewish relations in this hard time. Studies have shown that the will to survive was the strongest, uniform, constant Jewish message, task and attitude, while the Polish perspective and the perception of Jews in this tragic forthem time was characterized with a number of attitudes and actions. However, there was a visible shift in the Polish accent – not as much towards mass help for the co-citizens, as towards indifference. Sometimes, there was compassion and mercy and quite clear, so not marginal, cooperation with the German (Soviet) occupant. The authors are correctly defining this typical attitude as the Polish (Ukrainian) complicity in the Holocaust. It is a valuable revaluation, exactlyon the microhistoric level, of the common imaginations and myths about mass help given to Jews by the Poles. It’s an important scientific find, made based on a solid analysis of the vast source base and subject literature. As a supplement of this picture there is a statistic of the phenomenonof Holocaust in both tomes, “counted” (with limitations, of course) on this lowest levelof the historical process. The names – of both the perpetrators and co-perpetrators – and, whatis most important – both institutional, Polish (Polish Blue Police, the volunteer fire brigades, military guard, the Junaks from Baudienst), and individual co-perpetrators, who mostly tookover a part of the Jewish wealth after the Holocaust – are the complementing factor here. The two tomes require the studies to be continued, as only the full elaboration on the poviat level will allow for the synthetic and balancing approach. It will allow for deconstructing many propaganda or political-ideological myths present in part in Polish history, and most of all – in Polish journalism and the attitudes of Polish politicians and sometimes ecclesiastic personalities. As a consequence, it will also affect, in some way, the myths present in the consciousness and attitudes of a part of the society. This is why these two tomes are that important – they are scientifically solid and reliable, requiring reflection and discourse, and are a result of free scientific research and authors’ sovereignty.
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EN
The purpose of this article is presentation of the exiting studies on the nature of individual crimes and identification of the main attributes of these acts. In the author’s opinion this subject matter has been neglected by scholars and therefore needs a more thorough analysis. First, the author points to the inaccuracies concerning the very name this category of prohibited acts has been given, and the abuse of the term ‘crime’ when referring to those acts. After that, he specifies which types of norms apply to these types of acts. He also describes the differences between individual and common crimes, and draws attention to the considerable heterogeneity of individual crimes, as can be seen from the quantity of various attributes describing the perpetrators of these crimes. The number of classes of prohibited acts that are similar to individual crimes is an additional proof of that variety. The next step is to show the essential differences between prohibited acts and individual crimes, asking a question, though, whether making such distinction makes any sense. Finally, the key issue, which is the specification of the distinctive features differentiating individual crimes, is addressed. These are the features that are primarily responsible for the possibility of committing or not committing of a crime by anyone, which possibility is of a nature independent of the perpetrator, but relative to his relationship with the external world.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie dotychczasowych opracowań na temat istoty przestępstw indywidualnych oraz wskazanie najważniejszych cech tej grupy czynów zabronionych. Zdaniem autora bowiem brakuje opracowań dogłębnie zajmujących się tą tematyką. W pierwszej kolejności autor wskazuje na nieścisłości związane z samą nazwą tej kategorii czynów zabronionych i niepotrzebnym użyciem w ich nazwie słowa „przestępstwo” oraz określa, jakiego rodzaju normy występują przy tego rodzaju czynach zabronionych. Charakteryzuje także różnice pomiędzy przestępstwami indywidualnymi a powszechnymi. Ponadto autor wskazuje na to, jak niejednorodna jest kategoria przestępstw indywidualnych, o czym świadczy ilość różnego rodzaju cech charakteryzujących podmioty tych przestępstw. Dowodem tej niejednorodności jest także liczba grup czynów zabronionych, które są podobne do przestępstw indywidualnych. Autor stara się wskazać na zasadnicze różnice i podobieństwa między nimi a przestępstwami indywidualnymi, zastanawiając się, czy ich odróżnianie od siebie ma sens. Na końcu przechodzi do kluczowego zagadnienia, jakim jest określenie cech, które wyróżniają przestępstwa indywidualne. Tą cechą przede wszystkim jest możliwość lub nie popełnienia danego przestępstwa przez wszystkich ludzi, która to możliwość ma charakter niezależny od sprawcy, ale uzależniony od jego relacji ze światem zewnętrznym.
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