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PL
Przedmiotem rozważań artykułu jest fragment polityki karnej państwa obejmujący działalność sądów w celu przeciwdziałania i ograniczania przestępczości w drodze stosowania przepisów prawa karnego wobec cudzoziemców przebywających w Polsce. W szczególności poruszane jest zagadnienie polityki wymierzania kar i środków karnych cudzoziemcom, którzy dopuścili się czynów zabronionych przez polskie prawo karne i trafili do systemu formalnej kontroli społecznej. Celem analizy jest ustalenie, w jaki sposób na przestrzeni lat 2004-2012 kształtowała się polityka sądowego wymiaru kary cudzoziemcom, jakie kary i środki karne były wobec nich najczęściej stosowane w odpowiedzi na popełnienie poszczególnych rodzajów przestępstw oraz sprawdzenie czy, a jeśli tak, to w jakim kierunku i zakresie, polityka ta odbiega od polityki karnej stosowanej wobec polskich obywateli.
PL
Kolejna, osiemdziesiąt trzecia rocznica uchwalenia Kodeksu karnego z 1932 r. zachęca do kultywowania pamięci o współtwórcach tego ponadczasowego dzieła oraz przypomnienia wybranych zagadnień dotyczących problematyki ustawowego i sądowego wymiaru kar zasadniczych oraz dodatkowych. Jakże dla nas, podejmujących co i raz trud nowelizacji Kodeksu karnego z 1997 r. w zakresie kar i środków karnych wciąż pouczające pozostają słowa prof. J.Makarewicza, iż jak cienka nitka wije się przez dzieje ludzkości problem winy i kary.
EN
Eighty thirds anniversary of the adoption of the Criminal Code of 1932 encourage us to cultivate the memory of cofounder’s that timeless masterpiece and a reminder of selected issues concerning the issues of legal and judicial dimension and additional penalties essential. How for us, taking every now and then toil amendment to the Penal Code of 1997 in the range of punishments and measures are still instructive words of prof. J.Makarewicza, like a thin thread that winds its way through the history of mankind the problem of guilt and punishment.
EN
The article concerns the problem of the statement of reasons, in case of non-applying an extraordinary mitigation of the penalty. According to Article 424 § 2 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, the court has to justify applying an extraordinary mitigation of the penalty. The author proves that the court also has to justify non-applying an extraordinary mitigation of the penalty, in case of “situations provided for in a statute” (Article 60 § 1 of the Penal Code) or it is possible that perpetrator fulfilled the conditions of obligatory extraordinary mitigation of the penalty (e.g. Article 60 § 3 of the Penal Code).
PL
W opracowaniu opisano problem uzasadnienia niestosowania nadzwyczajnego złagodzenia kary w wyroku skazującym. Zgodnie z art. 424 § 2 k.p.k. wyjaśnienia wymaga przede wszystkim uzasadnienie stosowania tej konstrukcji. Autor podaje argumenty na rzecz tezy, iż sąd jest zobowiązany do uzasadnienia nieskorzystania z nadzwyczajnego złagodzenia kary, gdy w sprawie wystąpił „wypadek przewidziany w ustawie” (art. 60 § 1 k.k.) lub prawdopodobne jest spełnienie przez sprawcę przesłanek podstawy obligatoryjnego nadzwyczajnego złagodzenia (np. art. 60 § 3 k.k.).
Problemy Prawa Karnego
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2022
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vol. 6
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issue 1
1-16
EN
Article 37a of Penal Code was s ignificant changed due to the amendment of 19 June 2020. This provision was introduced into the Penal Code in 2015 and was aimed at limiting the use of imprisonment in relation to minor offenses, but only punishable by imprisonment. In 2020, this direction of changes was partially reversed by increasing the requirements for the application of Art. 37a of the Penal Code, which was met with numerous doubts.
PL
Na mocy nowelizacji z 19 czerwca 2020 r. w sposób istotny zmodyfikowany został art. 37a k.k. Przepis ten został wprowadzony do kodeksu karnego w 2015 r. i miał na celu ograniczenie stosowania kary pozbawienia wolności w stosunku do drobniejszych czynów zabronionych, acz zagrożonych jedynie karą pozbawienia wolności. W 2020 r. doszło do częściowego odwrócenia tego kierunku zmian poprzez podwyższenie wymogów zastosowania art. 37a k.k., co spotkało się z licznymi wątpliwościami.
EN
The subject of this study are issues raised by the Supreme Court in the thesis of the judgment of 24/01/2019, as well as in its justification. They refer to impact that the diminishing of guilt limitation, and – as a consequence – on the penalty, as well, may have diminished abilities to recognise the meaning of an act or to control one’s behaviour, however in a lower than significant degree. In the context of the case under examination, it becomes all the more noteworthy as it refers to mental disturbances caused by the use of a narcotic substance (from the group of cannabinoids), resulting in the (lower than significant) diminished sanity. The judgment also raised the issue of the criminal law nature of the measure specified in Article 71 Sec. 1 of the Act of 29th of July 2005 on Counteracting Drug Addiction. Therefore, this issue has been also raised in this study.
DE
Gegenstand der Studie sind die vom Obersten Gerichtshof in der These des Urteils vom 24.01.2019 sowie in seiner Begründung aufgeworfenen Fragen. Sie beziehen sich auf die Frage der Auswirkung des Grads der verminderte Schuldfähigkeit auf den Grad der Schuld und folglich auf die Strafe, die niedriger als signifikant ist, d. H. außer des Art. 31 § 2 Poln.StrafGesetzbuches. Im Zusammenhang mit dem Fall, der Gegenstand der Entscheidung war, wird die Problematik umso wichtiger, als es sich um psychische Störungen handelt, die durch die Verwendung eines Betäubungsmittels (aus der Gruppe der Cannabinoide) verursacht werden, das die Merkmale einer klassifizierten Krankheitseinheit trägt. Dies steht wiederum im Zusammenhang mit einer Abweichung von der in § 3 des Artikels 31 festgelegten Ausnahme. Das Urteil warf auch die Frage der strafrechtlichen Natur der in Art. 71 Sek. 1 des Betäubungsmittelgesetzes vom 29. Juli 2005 vorgesehenen Maßnahmen, deren Nichtanwendung wurde vom Staatsanwalt des erstinstanzlichen Gerichts angeklagt. Daher wird dieses Problem auch in dieser Studie behandelt.
PL
Przedmiotem opracowania są kwestie podniesione przez Sąd Najwyższy w tezie wyroku z dnia 24 stycznia 2019 r., jak również w jego uzasadnieniu. Odnoszą się one do zagadnienia wpływu, jaki na stopień winy, a w konsekwencji także na wymiar kary może mieć stopień ograniczenia poczytalności niższy niż znaczny, czyli nieobjęty zakresem art. 31 § 2 Kodeksu karnego. W kontekście sprawy stanowiącej przedmiot rozstrzygnięcia staje się ono tym bardziej doniosłe, że dotyczy zakłóceń psychicznych spowodowanych użyciem substancji odurzającej (z grupy kanabinoli), wykazujących cechy sklasyfikowanej jednostki chorobowej. To zaś wiąże się z odstępstwem od wyjątku ustanowionego w § 3 art. 31 K.k. W powołanym wyroku została także poruszona problematyka prawnokarnej natury środka określonego w art. 71 ust. 1 ustawy z dnia 29 lipca 2005 r. o przeciwdziałaniu narkomanii, a jego niezastosowanie, pomimo istnienia przesłanek ku temu, zarzucił sądowi pierwszej instancji prokurator. Do tej kwestii również odniesiono się w niniejszym opracowaniu.
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2023
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vol. 68
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issue 2 (409)
45-58
EN
Disciplinary proceedings make a specific category of proceedings of repressive nature, and hence some experts in legal sciences consider them as a special branch of the criminal law. That is why such proceedings should comply with basic standards on criminal liability stemming from the Constitution of Poland and the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. These include ensuring the adequacy of punishment (punishment must be commensurate) for the offence that is subject to the proceedings, even if there are no legal directives, unlike for in criminal proceedings. It is one of the standards of a democratic state of law. This also refers to disciplinary proceedings concerning NIK appointed auditors. In his article, the author presents the solutions of selected procedures, related to, among others, legal advisors, lawyers, civil servants, he juxtaposes them with the procedure for NIK auditors, and formulates de lege ferenda proposals.
PL
Postępowania dyscyplinarne należą do szczególnej kategorii postępowań o charakterze represyjnym i są przez niektórych przedstawicieli nauki prawa uważane za odrębną gałąź prawa karnego. Dlatego powinny być w nich zachowane podstawowe standardy dotyczące odpowiedzialności karnej, wynikające z Konstytucji Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej oraz Konwencji o ochronie praw człowieka i podstawowych wolności. Należy do nich zapewnienie adekwatności kary (musi być współmierna) do czynu będącego przedmiotem postępowania, nawet jeśli nie istnieją ustawowe dyrektywy jej wymiaru, takie jak w postępowaniu karnym. Jest to bowiem jeden ze standardów demokratycznego państwa prawnego. Dotyczy również postępowania dyscyplinarnego wobec mianowanych kontrolerów NIK.
EN
Conviction for a crime raises a number of legal consequences not only for the convicted person, but also for those who are in a family or professional relationship with this person, as well as for the victims of crime. However, the existing regulations applicable to adjudication in criminal matters do not require consideration of the influence of the conviction on the situation of third parties. This fact justifies an attempt to investigate whether the legal system protects these persons from the negative influence of a conviction, and from the effect of the use of instruments of criminal punishment on their family and property, and whether the consequences of a conviction for third persons should be taken into account by the court in the process of adjudication regarding the response to a crime. The author also attempts to formulate a statutory requirement for the criminal court to take into account the individual and social consequences of a conviction, including the consequences of the use of punitive measures, referring in particular to the problem of equality under the law and proportionality of the criminal punishment to the harm suffered by third parties in the event of its application.
PL
Fakt skazania za przestępstwo rodzi szereg konsekwencji prawnych nie tylko w odniesieniu do osoby skazanej, lecz także innych osób, które pozostają z nim w relacji rodzinnej czy zawodowej, a także dla ofiary przestępstwa. Obowiązujące regulacje dotyczące orzekania w sprawach karnych nie formułują jednak wymogu uwzględniania wpływu skazania na sytuację osób trzecich. Uzasadnia to podjęcie próby zbadania, czy osoby te są w systemie prawnym w jakiś sposób chronione przed negatywnymi konsekwencjami oddziaływania skazania oraz stosowania instrumentów reakcji karnej na ich sferę rodzinną i majątkową, czy też odczuwane przez nie konsekwencje skazania powinny być uwzględniane przez sąd w procesie orzekania w przedmiocie reakcji na przestępstwo. Autorka podjęła także próbę sformułowania ustawowego wymogu uwzględniania przez sąd karny indywidualnych i społecznych konsekwencji skazania, w tym także stosowania instrumentów reakcji karnej, odnosząc się w szczególności do problematyki równości wobec prawa i współmierności reakcji karnej do dolegliwości odczuwanej przez osoby trzecie w związku z jej zastosowaniem.
EN
The study contains an analysis and evaluation of some legal solutions proposed in the draft amendment to criminal law of 25 January 2019, especially regarding the sentence, both statutory and judicial. Attention was paid to changes that constitute the most vivid manifestations of the tendency clearly outlined in the draft — expressed explicitly in the assumptions of the postulated changes — towards increasing the repressive norms of the Penal Code of 1997. This is carried out on three main levels — 1 increasing the severity of sanctions for individual, selected types of crimes, 2 extending the application of the extraordinary institution to tighten the penalties and 3 changes to the court directive on the sentence. The study focuses on changes concerning the foundations and rules of the extraordinary progression of punishment, in particular on the modification referring to criminal liability for an offense committed in the conditions of a continuous act covered by the formula of Article 12 § 1 of the Penal Code. In this case, the project provides for mandatory toughening of the penalty by raising the lower liability threshold by half, and the upper one by two. In this regard, both the arguments of the position approving such a solution and the views of the part of the criminal law doctrine which fully accepts the law adopted in the Penal Code of 1997 and which are binding in this respect are presented.
EN
The purpose of this article is to analyze the institution of the concurrent and the consecutive sentences in the English criminal law. The differences between them are based on the way they are executed and on the premises which courts take into consideration. Generally, the concurrent sentences are imposed for offences which arose out of a single act and therefore the terms of imprisonment shall run at the same time (concurrently). However, a deeper analysis of the literature and the case law of the English courts leads to the conclusion that the differences between them are not so important, because the main role plays the totality principle. It changes the way the institution of the concurrent and the consecutive sentences shall be perceived.
EN
The aims of the present study have been: 1) to ascertain the actual conditions of the courts' decisions applying penalties and other measures towards multiple recidivists; 2) to determine the present penal policy towards this category of convicted persons; 3) to compare this policy with the assumptions included in the Penal Code in force. Punishment imposed upon multiple recidivists is regulated by the provisions of Art. 60, para. 2 and 3 Art. 61 of the Penal Code. Their formulation is as follows: on a perpetrator sentenced twice in the conditions specified in para. 1 (special basic recidivism), who has served altogether at leat one year of deprivation of liberty and in the period of 5 years after the serving of the last penalty commits again an intentional offence with the purpose of obtaining a material benefit or of a hooligan character, similar to at least one of the previously committed offencęs, the court shall impose a penalty within the limits of from three times the lowest sanction, but not less than 2 years, up to the highest statutory sanction increased by one half, and if the highest statutory sanction is not higher than 3 years: up to 5 years deprivation of liberty. The increase of the lowest statutory sanction provided in para. 1 or 2 shall not apply, when the offence is a serious offence; in this case the court shall consider the commission of the offence in the conditions specified in para 1 or 2 as a circumstance increasing the penalty. In particularly justified cases when even the lowest penalty imposed on the basis of Art. 60. paras 1 or 2 would be incommeasurably Severe by reason of the motives for the action of the perpetrator, his traits and personal conditions as well as his way of life before the commission and his behaviour after the perpetration of the offence, the court when imposing the penalty may refrain from applying the rules specified in Art. 60. paras 1 or 2; in these cases the court shall take into consideration the commission of the offence in the conditions specified in Art. 60, para 1or 2 as circumstances influencing increasing the penalty. With regard to a perpetrator sentenced in the conditions specified in Art. 60, para. 2 he court shall adjudge protective supervision; if adjudging this supervision is not sufficient to prevent recidivism, the court shall adjudge .the commitment of the sentenced person to a social readaptation centre. (Art. 62, para. 2). The present work has been based on the author's own research and to a minimum extent only on the analysis of the national statistical data. The point of departure for the study of the actual conditions of the courts decisions were the conditions specified in the Penal Code now in force. The conditions specified in Art. 61 of the Penal Code and related to the offender only have been assumed to form the ratio legis of special recidivism in the Polish penal legislation. If, however, when aplying this provision, the courts prefer the conditions related to the most recent act of the offender, this mignt be an indication of their different attitude towards the aim of punishment in the case of the discussed category of offenders. The existence of such divergences between the conditions of application of Art 61 of the Penal Code as included in the law on the one hand, and those applied by the courts on the other hand  has been one of the hypotheses verified in the present study.  The study has been based on the examination of court records. All the accessible records of criminal cases (230) have been included in it, in which Sentences were passed with regard to multiple recidivists (under Art 60. para. 2  and Art. 61 in connection with Art. 60, para. 2 of the Penal Code) in the District Court of the city of Poznań in the years 1975-1981. The question arised whether this could be treated as an equivalent to a random sample of the national population of convicted multiple recidivists. As shown by a comparison of distributions in question are highly convergent. A questionnaire to investigate the ourt records consisted of 41 questions concerning the convicted recidivist, his previous offences and criminal record, his last offence and the content of the last sentence. The impact of a number of variables on the application of Art. 61 of the Penal Code, on the length  of the prison sentence and on the decision of commitment to a social readaptation centre has been analysed in succession. Conclusions from the study are as follows: 1. In the application of Art.61 of the Penal Code ,the predominating part is played by the conditions connected with the degree of socil danger of the act and with its legal label. The conditions connected with the person of the perpetrator seem to have a much smaller effect. The reason of this state of affairs may be seeked in the fact that the court is obligated by Art. 60, para.2 of the Penal Code to impose long-term penalties of deprivation or liberty regardless of the degree of social danger (seriousness) of the offence which may be trivial in particular cases. Therefore, it is not to be wondered at that in these cases the courts apply Art. 61 of the Penal Code so as to impose a lower or more lenient penalty in order to make it commeasurable with the offence. The following conditions have been found to exert the greatest influence on the length of sentences to deprivation of liberty under Art. 60, para. 2: firstly, the legal appraisal of the offence and the related content of the instructions for meting out punishment specified in Art. 60, para. 2 of the Penal Code, and secondly, the degree of social danger of the offence. The character of the offence and the appraisal of its social danger influence the sentence too, including the type of penalty, when Art. 61 of the Penal Code is applied by the court. This is probably a further result of following the same conditions already when deciding on the application of Art. 61 of the Penal Code. When adjudging the commitment of convicted persons to a social readaptation centre, the courst were guided by the conditions connected with intense symptoms of demoralization of these persons and with a previous application of various penal measures towards them; thus the conditions were formally the same as those to be found in the Penal Code. At the same time, conditions connected with the recently committed offence were left out of account here. One should be particularly careful when interpreting the findings in this case aS the decisions in question may be conditioned by the courts' various attitudes towards the practical functioning of the centers, and by different purposes of their adjudgement in definite cases. The length of the perod for which commitment to a social readaptation centre was adjudged has appeared to increase with the length of the sentence to deprivation of libety. Admittedly, outright conclusions as to the need for amendments of the provisions of the Penal Code in its part concerning recidivists do not follow immediately from the findings of the present study. These findings have. however, demonstrated the degree to which the instructions for meting out, punishment specified in Art. 60, para. 2 of the Penal Code sever the relation between the offence and punishment, as  well as the fact that the corrective function of punishment imposed upon multiple recidivists - officially assumed by the legislator-has a fictious character in practice. In consequence, Art. 61 of the Penal Code is used in discord with its purpose; it is applied to adjust the adjudicated punishment to the seriousness of the offence committed.
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