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Cmentarzysko wczesnośredniowieczne w Gieczu, stan. 10, woj. wielkopolskie - wyniki badań z lat 2014-2019

100%
Miciak M., Agnew A. M.
Studia Lednickie
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2021
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vol. 20
125-195
EN
The article presents the results of the research conducted so far on the early medieval burial ground at site 10 in Giecz. Over six seasons of research, 133 early medieval graves have been discovered. Graves of wooden construction or encased in stone, as well as graves with an unusual arrangement (the deceased bent on the side and on the stomach), with different orientation, or double graves of women with small children draw particular attention. In the majority of graves, grave goods were found such as coins, ornaments or household items (including pieces of unique character). These finds – together with 14C analyses conducted for 7 graves – made it possible to determine the chronology of the burial ground to the period dating from the beginning of the 11th century (or even the end of the 10th century) till the 13th century.
PL
Artykuł prezentuje dotychczasowe wyniki badań przeprowadzonych na cmentarzysku wczesnośredniowiecznym, na stanowisku Giecz 10. W ciągu sześciu sezonów badawczych odkryto tam 133 pochówki wczesnośredniowieczne, wśród których szczególną uwagę zwracają groby z konstrukcjami drewnianymi lub w obstawie kamiennej, groby o nietypowym ułożeniu zmarłego (pozycja podkurczona na boku lub pozycja na brzuchu), groby o odmiennej orientacji oraz groby zawierające podwójne pochówki kobiet z małymi dziećmi. W większości z nich odkryto wyposażenie grobowe w postaci monet, ozdób lub przedmiotów codziennego użytku (w tym egzemplarze o unikalnym charakterze), które – wraz z analizami 14C, wykonanymi dla 7 pochówków – pozwalają określić chronologię cmentarzyska na okres od początku XI wieku (być może nawet końca X) do wieku XIII.
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Kto się nie leni, zrobi złoto z kamieni – osełki w grobach wczesnego średniowiecza

84%
Wrzesińska A., Wrzesiński J.
Acta Archaeologica Lodziensia
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2014
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vol. 60
197-223
EN
1Since the dawn of history humans have been interested in using stones for a variety of purposes. The use of rocks and stones as shelters, building material or resource for the production of tools or weapons is a cultural phenomenon. One of the categories of stone objects recorded in graves at early medieval cemeteries includes whetstones. The present study is devoted to whetstones registered in graves at the cemetery at Dziekanowice, site 22 (gmina Łubowo, województwo wielkopolskie). This early medieval necropolis is located on the east shore of Lake Lednica in the direct vicinity of one of the major stronghold centres of the Piast dynasty. The stronghold itself is situated on Ostrów – an island on Lake Lednica. Out of 1585 skeletal graves recorded in situ at the studied cemetery, 847 (53.4%) burials contained altogether 1868 objects considered as grave deposits. In the group of those artifacts were 28 whetstones found in 27 graves (one grave contained 2 whetstones), which account for 3.2 percent of the total number of burials with equipment. In addition, 7 whetstones were recorded loosely at the border between layer I and II (they were damaged by ploughing), and in settlement features; however, these objects are not included in the study. The majority of graves with whetstones unearthed at the cemetery at Dziekanowice were male burials. As many as 21 graves belonged to men, 5 to women and only one to a child. Previous research and publications on cemeteries do not facilitate an ambiguous interpretation of the function of whetstones recorded in graves, although utilitarian character of these objects is unquestionable. It can also be asserted that whetstones were buried more often in male graves, and most often in adult graves. They occurred both in “richer” burials and in those characterized by modest equipment. The new light on the function of some whetstones has been shed by the results of analyses carried out by Martin Ježek from the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic. His recent spectral analysis of whetstone surfaces has allowed the hypothesis that whetstones (particularly phyllite ones) may have been used as touchstones. The analysis based on scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS method) revealed residues of metals on the surface of the examined objects. The microanalysis has proven the existence of micro-traces of metals such as gold, silver, tin and copper. In sum, the hypothesis about a special function of the whetstones cannot be excluded. This may apply particularly to the objects with scant traces of polishing, in contrast to whetstones with strongly polished and characteristic concave surfaces resulting from frequent sharpening. The whetstones with scant traces of polishing may have been used not only as sharpening tools, but also (and maybe primarily) as items against which a precious metal was rubbed in order to check its value and the quality of alloy. Identifying the function of whetstones as touchstones creates new possibilities for discussing the problems associated with social stratification and with distinguishing between “richer” and “poorer” graves. A whetstone-touchstone found in a grave gives its owner a different rank in the society than we previously assumed interpreting the object only as a sharpening tool. Undoubtedly, the analysis of social stratification should involve by far more elements than is widely regarded as vital. In addition, whetstones-touchstones may also become important objects for the analysis of trading places and exchange in the Early Middle Ages.
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Grotem w dół, grotem w górę. Deponowanie włóczni w grobach wczesnośredniowiecznych na ziemiach polskich

84%
Kurasiński T.
Acta Archaeologica Lodziensia
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2014
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vol. 60
159-187
EN
The paper discusses the issue of deposition of shafted weapons in Early Medieval graves in the Polish lands, with particular stress on the location of spearheads near the feet of the deceased. The analysis of distribution of spearheads in the space of the grave pit points to a diversified manner of burying the dead with the weapon in question. Three zones can be identified (cf Fig. 1): I – upper part of the torso with the head (61 graves); II – vicinity of the pelvis and the femora (6 graves); III – vicinity of the feet and the tibiae (25 graves; cf Figs. 2-5). Attempts at clarifying this diversity in the deposition of shafted weapons in the space of the grave pit have hardly been undertaken in scholarship. Furthermore, they do not offer a satisfactory explanation of this phenomenon This paper presents an interpretation which is somehow different than those hitherto proposed. The deposition of spearheads in Zone III probably expresses a certain scheme of thinking which is founded on a mythical order of the world, especially on an archaic motif of the “divine duel”. It was an outline of numerous tales, images and beliefs. Its essence was the fight of a positive hero against a dragon or another monster which represents powers of chaos and destruction. Following this path, the dead for whom the weapon was deposited near his feet, may have been posthumously honoured due to his especially remarkable deeds (of war or other ones) done during his life. These deeds were considered significant for the maintenance or restoration of the social order.
4
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The Fate of the Remains and Funerary Equipment of Czech Rulers and Their Family Members

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Bravermanová M., Březinová H.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica
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2020
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issue 35
107-121
PL
Zamek Praski był najważniejszym miejscem pochówku czeskich władców i ich krewnych. Groby znajdują się w kościele Matki Boskiej, w kościele i klasztorze pod wezwaniem św. Jerzego oraz, najliczniej, w katedrze św. Wita. Grobowce z relikwiami najważniejszych świętych patronów Czech również znajdują się na Zamku Praskim w bazylice św. Jerzego, katedrze św. Wita oraz kościele Wszystkich Świętych. Wiemy także o grobach dwunastu praskich biskupów w katedrze św. Wita. Większość wspomnianych grobów otwierano już kilkukrotnie w przeszłości z różnych powodów, co przysporzyło różnego rodzaju problemów, spośród których najpoważniejszym było mylenie relikwii. Pierwsze systematyczne badania antropologiczne przeprowadzono na początku XX w. Szczątki niemal wszystkich postaci historycznych pochowanych na Zamku Praskim zostały udostępnione do innego badania antropologicznego przeprowadzonego w latach 60. XX w. Obecnie trwają dalsze badania obejmujące nowoczesne analizy w zakresie nauk przyrodniczych. Wydobyte w przeszłości wyposażenie grobowe w większości przypadków nie było należycie traktowane głównie ze względu na brak świadomości prawidłowych procedur postępowania z artefaktami, które wiele lat spędziły w nieodpowiednich warunkach panujących w grobach i grobowcach. Wyposażenie grobowe często było konserwowane w nieprawidłowy sposób. Poziom konserwacji znacznie wzrósł po tym, jak w 2000 r. powstały warsztaty renowacyjno-konserwatorskie. Otwieranie grobów jest problematyczne, a biorąc pod uwagę kwestie etyczne, powinno do niego dochodzić wyłącznie w ograniczonym zakresie. Częstym powodem są konieczne prace budowlane i w takich przypadkach należy okazywać szczątkom należyty szacunek. Z kolei z wydobywanym wyposażeniem grobowym należy postępować we właściwy sposób, gdyż artefakty te często stanowią niezastąpione dziedzictwo, które należy poddawać naukowym analizom. Sam głód wiedzy, często związany z próbą wywołania sensacji, nie upoważnia nas do zakłócania miejsc pochówku naszych przodków nieprzemyślanymi działaniami.
EN
Prague Castle was the most important burial site of the Czech rulers and their relatives. The graves are located in the Church of the Virgin Mary, in St. George Church and Convent, and, in the greatest numbers in the St. Vitus Cathedral. Reliquary tombs of the most important Czech patron saints are also located at Prague Castle – in St. George Basilica, in St. Vitus Cathedral and in All Saints Church. We also know the graves of 12 Prague bishops that are located in the St. Vitus Cathedral. The majority of the aforementioned graves have been opened several times in the past for a variety of reasons, that caused various problems, the most serious of which involved the confusion of relics. The first systematic anthropological investigations were conducted at the beginning of the 20th century. The remains of nearly all historical personalities buried at Prague Castle were available for another anthropological study conducted in the 1960s. Currently, the research continues with modern nature science analyzes. In the past, removed grave goods did not receive proper care for the most part, mainly due to a lack of understanding as to what constituted correct procedures for handling artefacts deposited for years in the unsuitable conditions of graves and tombs. The grave goods themselves were often restored in an inappropriate manner. The restoration situation improved significantly after the establishment of restoration and conservation workshops in 2000. The opening of graves is problematic and, from an ethical point of view, should be performer only to a very limited extent. Necessary construction work is a common reason for disruption, and in this case remains should be treated with respect. And if grave goods are removed, they must be cared for in a proper manner, as these artefacts are often irreplaceable heritage whose scientific study is a legitimate pursuit. The mere lust for knowledge, often connected with efforts to generate sensation, does not entitle us to disturb the resting place of our ancestors with ill-considered interventions.
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