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EN
The issues raised in the article are an attempt to identify some sources of difficulty in defining the subject of research of pedagogy and to review the voices in the scientific and research discourse in terms of proposals for resolving this problem and methodological trends related to it. The considerations include issues of the interdisciplinary nature of pedagogy, its difficult relations with other sciences, the internal dispersion into many subdisciplines and a non-ordinated conceptual system, as well as discrepancies between theory and pedagogical practice. The author also includes the multi-paradigmatic, contextual and dynamic character of modern pedagogy among potential factors determining the way of thinking about its subject of research.
PL
Podjęte w artykule zagadnienia stanowią próbę zidentyfikowania niektórych źródeł trudności w określaniu zakresu przedmiotowego pedagogiki oraz dokonania przeglądu głosów w dyskursie naukowo-badawczym pod kątem propozycji rozstrzygania tego problemu i tendencji metodologicznych z nim związanych. Rozważania obejmują kwestie interdyscyplinarnego charakteru pedagogiki, jej złożonych relacji z innymi dyscyplinami naukowymi, wewnętrznego rozproszenia dyscypliny na wiele subdyscyplin i nieujednoliconego systemu pojęciowego, a także rozbieżności między teorią i praktyką pedagogiczną. Do potencjalnych czynników warunkujących sposób myślenia o granicach poznania pedagogicznego autorka zalicza także wieloparadygmatyczność, kontekstualność i dynamiczny charakter współczesnej nauki.
EN
One of the greatest and most important challenges of private law in the 21st century is the adaptation and evolution of key institutions to the consequences of social or economic development. An extremely interesting process in this context is the development of the scope of the subject protection of personal rights. The aim of the article is to discuss this phenomenon, with particular emphasis on the influence of the literature and jurisprudence on extending the scope of the subject of personal rights. The author also draws attention to the way in which the concept and scope of personal rights were developed and modified, citing and discussing the most important positions and doctrinal disputes. In addition, an example was presented, which serves to illustrate the analyzed trend. It is the potential recognition of violations related to the low level of air quality in Poland covered by protection under the provisions on personal property. The author describes this issue, taking into account the provisions of European law, through Polish regulations and positions of the literature, formulating his own predictions about the future of this particular problem, emphasizing its importance. This reflection illustrates how the discussed civil law institution undergoes modification as a result of the social challenges of the 21st century. In the elaboration of the above issue, scientific methods were used, such as: analysis of judicial decisions, normative acts — both domestic and European ones, in addition the dogmatic method was used. Numerous conclusions have been derived as a result of the analysis, among other things — an indication of universality as one of the greatest achievements of doctrine. This dependence results from the fact that new private law challenges can be assessed through the prism of universal institutions that have already been created, only by modifying them, developing or deliberating on how to use them. The tendency described in the work can be extended to a range of other contemporary challenges before courts, but above all to the legislator.
PL
Ustawa z dnia 21 sierpnia 1997 r. o gospodarce nieruchomościami (u.g.n.) w Dziale III zatytułowanym Wykonywanie, ograniczanie lub pozbawienie praw do nieruchomości reguluje m.in. kwestie związane ze zwrotem wywłaszczonej nieruchomości. Przesłanki zwrotu wywłaszczonej nieruchomości zostały zasadniczo określone w art. 136 i 137 ustawy o gospodarce nieruchomościami, a także w przepisach przejściowych, zwłaszcza w art. 229 ustawy o gospodarce nieruchomościami zawarte są dodatkowe przesłanki przesądzające o zwrocie lub odmowie zwrotu wywłaszczonej nieruchomości. Zacytowany wyżej przepis odnosi się do stanu prawnego danej nieruchomości sprzed wielu lat. Sądy, rozpatrując liczne sprawy o zwrot wywłaszczonej nieruchomości, często swoje rozstrzygnięcia opierają właśnie na art. 229 ustawy o gospodarce nieruchomościami. W artykule tym wskazano na problemy występujące w praktyce przy rozstrzyganiu tego typu spraw. W związku z powyższym warto przyjrzeć się temu postępowaniu bliżej.
EN
The Act of 21 August 1997. Real Estate Management in Section III entitled “Making, restriction or deprivation of property rights” controls such as issues related to the return of expropriated property. Conditions for return of expropriated properties were generally referred to in Article 136 and 137 of the Land Act, and especially in the transitional provisions in article 229 Real Estate Management Act contain additional conditions which determine the refund or refuse the return of expropriated property. Cited above article refers to the legal status of the property many years ago, the courts considering the numerous cases of restitution of expropriated property, often their decisions are based just on article 229 Real Estate Management Act. This article pointed out the problems encountered in practice, when settlement such cases. Accordingly, it is to get closer to this procedure.
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