Search results

1

Rola prawa karnego w ograniczaniu patologii jako poważnego zagrożenia dla społeczeństwa XXI wieku

100%

Laskowska K.

Archiwum Kryminologii

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2009

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issue XXXI

147-158

EN

The work discusses the phenomenon of social pathologies. The aim of the work is to show the threats it causes to the modern society which cause the need to limit the phenomenon with all measures available, including criminal prosecution. Discussion is presented from point of view of criminology and criminal law. The author emphasises that the problem of pathology in modern society is very important. One cannot deny that the notion of pathology is often used, even over-used. An analysis of pathology definition provided by the experts in this topic (A. Podgórecki, J. Wódz, A. Gaberle i J. Malec) leads to a conclusion that there is no common definition of the phenomenon. A review of opinions by doctrine representatives allowed to present a catalogue of the most common features of social pathology. These are: behaviours of individuals and groups, incompatibility of human behaviours with the system of norms in a given community, destructiveness and harmfulness of behaviours disturbing the functioning of a given community, dynamics of the phenomenon. Diversity of the listed features causes a question if all these elements are objective criteria to judge pathological phenomena. The presented discussion leads to a conclusion that listing such features is very difficult. It is related to fact that norms, opinions and values in societies change with time and that their judgements is characterised by subjectivism. Hence, because there occur objective and subjective criteria for judging the phenomenon of social pathologies, it is difficult to coin a common definition. As a result, the Author proposes to define pathology as “detrimental (both for the society and particular individuals) human behaviours which infringe a established system of social norms”. The study emphasises that pathologies are related to processes of undergoing social and economical changes hence the scope of phenomena defined as social pathologies has been changing over the years. Changes in the political, social and economic system were accompanied by changes in quantitative and qualitative changes in the characteristics of social pathology. At present, on can observe an increase in the number and the diversity of pathological behaviours. Apart from alcoholism, prostitution, suicide, illicit drug addiction, there appeared also other ones: addictions from prescribed drugs, television, computer, sex, gambling, eating disorders (anorexia and bulimia), activity of sects and subcultures, homelessness, begging, new forms of crime (e.g. organised crime). It should be noted that with years some behaviours defined as pathological lost this feature (e.g. mental illness) and some ceased to exist (parasitism, negative attitude to work). The causes of new pathologies’ emergence and development are rooted in the transformation which influenced almost all spheres of life: family, school, social and personal life of an individual.

2

Międzywojenna polska debata kryminologiczna-poszukiwanie społecznych przyczyn przestępczości i sposobów jej zwalczania

80%

Rodak M.

Archiwum Kryminologii

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2009

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issue XXXI

101-145

EN

This article is an attempt of a summary of the debate, pending in Poland in the interwar period, on the issues related to the etiology and methods of preventing and / or controlling crime. Analyzing these two highly interrelated and interdependent problems, the author decided to take into consideration the clear-cut division in criminology prevailing in the interwar period and to reflect it in the structure of the article. Thus, the text is divided into two parts. The first part discusses the causes of crime, the second the criminal policy. However, the text is not an analysis of all the causes of crime. The author focuses on discussion of the interwar views on the social causes of crime held by persons or institutions related, on various different levels, to criminology. Accordingly, the section on criminal policy includes response to crimes being, at least in theory, a result of social causes. The autor of the article faced the problem to attempt to collect and present ideas on social causes and method of preventing and / or combating crime published in the interwar period. The study covers articles and books, in which the above-mentioned problems have been discussed both by scientists (criminologists, lawyers, doctors, psychologists, and sociologists) and laymen (journalists, publicists, community workers, and politicians). In this text, the attempts to analyze the opinions expressed by the latter of the aforementioned groups is a significantly new thing. The views of people not directly related to the academic community at that time were rarely taken into the consideration while discussing criminological theoretical considerations of the interwar period. The point of departure of this text is assumption of the thesis that in the interwar debate on the broad issue of crime, the views which favoured social factors in generating crime were significantly dominant. It should be recalled that on the other side of the dispute there remained a theory of special importance of so-called endogenous factors. It was argued that the specific psycho - physical construction of a man makes him predisposed to become a criminal. This was an aftermath of a C. Lombroso’s theory, already modified in the interwar period. It should be noted that his theory in Poland was not received unquestioningly. However, the dispute between supporters of exogenous and endogenous factors took place in interwar Poland. A strong trend was a school trying to combine the two trends, taking into account the reasons of both parties as typically they did not exclude. This should be regarded as a unique achievement of the Polish criminology of the interwar period.

3

The dawning of a new era in social reaction to crime: promise, potential and limitations of restorative justice

80%

Fattah E. A.

Archiwum Kryminologii

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2012

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issue XXXIV

7-42

EN

Despite dramatic social changes and unprecedented technological innovations penal philosophy has undergone little change. Retribution continues to be the key principle in sentencing and judges continue their hopeless struggle to make the punishment fit the crime. It is truly baffling that the CJS has remained archaic in its philosophy, its outlook and its tools and has remained insulated from whatever changes and advances that had taken place in modern society? For as yet unexplained reasons the system has resisted every attempt to modernize and change? This is probably why it is that despite the manifest advantages and benefits of R.J. over a punitive, retributive system, whose sole aim is to inflict pain and suffering on the wrong-doer, there is still reluctance to do away with the ideas of expiation and penitence in favor of reconciliation and compensation. The strong support for victims of crime, coupled with the undeniable fact that victims are the main losers in a punitive system of justice, have not yet succeeded in convincing politicians, lawmakers or the general public of the need to replace the medieval practice of punishment by a more constructive, more peaceful and less harmful means of dealing with crime and conflict. And yet, the destructive and detrimental effects of punishment are too evident to ignore. All this suggests that the time is right for a paradigm shift in society’s response to crime. There is a desperate need to move from philosophical abstraction to restorative action, from senseless retribution to meaningful restitution, from just deserts to restorative justice. But there is also a need for realism. R.J. is not a pana-cea. Although superior in every respect to retribution R.J. does have certain limitations and there are certain dangers to be avoided when moving towards the full implementation of a restorative justice system.

4

Zjawisko prostytucji a prawo karne

80%

Derlich-Mielczarek J.

Archiwum Kryminologii

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2011

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issue XXXIII

39-55

EN

The aim of this article is to analyse the limits of penal reaction to the phenomenon of prostitution. First, various legal systems are reviewed according to the treatment of prostitution. Penal responses to the said social problem such as prohibitionism, reglamentarism (and neore-glamentarism), and abolitionism are discussed. Apart from the positive aspects of legal solutions, the article presents also negative and criminogenic consequences of such solutions (along with description of particular examples). Finally, the article discusses the situation of persons providing sexual services in the view of Polish law. The article presents a conclusion that it is impossible to show the only right method of fight against prostitution. This results not only from the complexity of the said phenomenon but also from the need to refer to particular historical and cultural context of the phenomenon in each case being considered. Nevertheless, an attempt of drawing the boundaries of penal reaction to behaviours related to prostitution is made. In particular, separation of methods of fight with the phenomenon from the moral judgments of the phenomenon is suggested. This enables to free the criminal law from the role of upholder of moral standards which the criminal law is often attributed.

5

Skupiska przestępstw mieszkaniowych w Szczecinie

71%

Sypion-Dutkowska N.

Rozwój Regionalny i Polityka Regionalna

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2012

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issue 20

137-148

EN

The paper encloses the preliminary results of geographical analysis of crime in Szczecin. Using the GIS tools the spatial (according to 37 urban districts) and temporal (according to months and days) Hot Spots of residential crime in the year 2006, as well as 50% crime concentration area, were identified and presented on the maps and figures. Conclusively, based on the ideas of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design, the recommendations for urban spatial and safety policy are formulated, aiming the crime prevention and reducing the crime fear.

PL

W niniejszym artykule dokonano wstępnej analizy skupisk przestępczości mieszkaniowej w Szczecinie w 2006 r., wyznaczając przestrzenne (wg osiedli) oraz czasowe (miesięczne i dobowe) hot spots (skupiska) przestępstw mieszkaniowych. Artykuł zawiera również rekomendacje CPTED (Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design) dotyczące zmniejszenia poziomu przestępczości oraz lęku przed zagrożeniem przestępczością.

6

Konstytucyjne uregulowania polityki społecznej a zapobieganie przestępczości (Zagadnienia ogólne)

71%

Kowalski G.

Roczniki Wydziału Nauk Prawnych i Ekonomicznych KUL

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2011

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vol. 7

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issue 1 Prawo

5-15

EN

Social policy plays an important role in crime prevention. Social policy includes such detailed policies as: housing policy, social security policy, employment policy, family policy, cultural policy, environmental protection policy, the policy for the prevention and fight against social pathologies. These policies enable an individual to satisfy its material or non-material needs, for example: housing; in the field of health protection, education, culture, leisure; social activity, job satisfaction, social recognition, feeling of safety. In their entirety, they constitute a whole mosaic of everyday problems of an individual, and fairly often a lack of the possibility to solve them, in accordance with the existing law, is the underlying cause of criminal behaviour. Social policy, which aims to meet the needs of the society, as well as for the development and progress of the society, plays an important role in the process of neutralizing social conflicts which can result, among others, in crime. For these reasons, in the fight against crime, we cannot restrict to a narrowly-defined crime prevention, i.e. criminal-legal prevention, which is realised in the process of imposing punishment and serving it but we should base on the broad understanding of the concept, i.e. consider sociopolitical aspects of preventive activities undertaken in this area. The legal norms largely define directions, goals and ways of realisation of social policy in Poland. In this area, also when it comes to crime prevention, provisions of Constitution of the Republic of Poland play fundamental role because: 1) firstly, they include a series of normative statements defining the general framework of activity of public authorities in the area of social policy; 2) secondly, they constitute the legal basis for activities undertaken by public authorities in the course of realising social policy, and which may act solely on the basis and within the law; the Constitution of the Republic of Poland either itself contains provisions that constitute the legal basis of activities for those bodies in the field of social policy or defines the form of normative acts in which the standards can be established; 3)thirdly, the superior nature of the Polish Constitution in the system of sources of law in Poland and the universally binding character of its provisions results not only in the ban on breaking the provisions of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland, but also in the obligation for all subjects in the country to realize them.

7

Sytuacyjne zapobieganie przestępczości

70%

Kossowska A.

Archiwum Kryminologii

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1994

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issue XX

7-20

EN

Disappointment in crime prevention based on the etiological approach led to a closer analysis of the circumstances of the offence, its physical conditions, and the resulting motivations of the offender. Whatever his inborn or socially acquired criminal predispositions, object and opportunity are necessary for an offence to take place. Advocates of the situational approach in criminology argue that a potential offender generally does not act on an impulse: instead, he more or less consciously analyses the situation and decides to commit the offence at a given time and place and against a given target. This is the basic assumption of situational crime prevention. Situational crime prevention resolves itself into reduction or liquidation of the physical opportunity to commit an offence, and extension of the probability of apprehension of the offender. This can be done in three different ways. First, the guard over the target can be extended or intensified, or the potential offender can be made to believe that, while dwelling in a given place, he is under incessant surveillance by the police or other competent persons, or by the inhabitants or users of a given object or area. Second, the target can be made less open to crime: special circumstances make it less easily accessible (or completely inaccessible), and theft can no longer yield the expected profit to the offender. This procedure is called target hardening. Third, various organizational steps can be taken that change the environment of crime: new ciercumstances arise and situation in which an offence might take place is changed. The above three methods of situational crime prevention have different efficiency. Their actual efficiency depends on a variety of factors related to the methodology of the crime prevention program and to cultural conditions. As regards programs basied on increased surveillance, the most efficient are those which involve the local population who are allowed both passively to watch over their area of residence, and actively to participate in its protection. What is considered a particulary effective method of situational crime prevention is target hardening where access to the target is made difficult through a variety of physical obstacles. Not as obvious is the efficiency of another target hardening measure where valuable objects are marked so as to make it difficult for the offender to gain by his theft and to increase the probability of his apprehension. Such measures, called operation identification, prove highly efficient in some countries but are next to ineffective in others. Thee ffects here depend largely on the efficiency of the police. Whith a low detection rate of thefts, the marking of objects cannot possibly yield the expected results. It has been found in studies of offenders’ processes of deciding that their decision to commit an offencis based on the factors that condition, first, the physical opportunity (access to the object) nad second, the offender’s safety. The idea of situational crime prevention has many followers who stress the relative easiness of the application of the suggested methods and their efficiency. The opponents argue that,while it many perhaps contribute to preventing definite offences at a definite time and place, situational crime prevention does not actually prevent crime. What it leads to is displacement of crime. The offence is committed anyway but perhaps in another time or place, by other means, or against another target. Despite all the reservations concerning displacement of crime, it msot be stated that situational crime prevention often proves effective; what is more, it requires neither prolonged programs nor entangled methods of manipulating society. Admittedly the offender is not reformed; yet a definite offence is not committed in a definite place, and the target remains safe. This makes situational prevention as important an element of crime prevention programs as the generally recognized social methods.

8

How Efficient Is Severe Punishment, Or: More Punishment, Less Crime?

70%

Kury H., Brandenstein M.

Archiwum Kryminologii

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2008

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issue XXIX-XXX

133-142

9

O handlu ludźmi w Polsce, czyli o ewolucji zjawiska i budowie systemu jego eliminowania

70%

Lasocik Z.

Archiwum Kryminologii

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2012

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issue XXXIV

481-529

EN

The thesis of this work is as follows: human trafficking is particularly detrimental as it harms the foundations of modern civilization. It is a phenomenon which appeared in Poland 20 years ago and is still present. What is more, one can see its significant expansion in all possible dimensions. The character of this crime is changing, less and less frequently this is a criminal activity of organized crime groups (mafia gangs), more and more frequently it is a well-organised activity of criminal groups organized ad hoc. New forms of enslavement and abuse appear while physical abuse, relatively easier to detect, plays less and less important role. The change includes also the scale of the problem, measured by the number of criminal cases or the number of reported victims, and to be clear the numbers do not decrease, they increase. The evolution spoken of here includes also such issues as origin of the victims and their sociodemographic profile (here the direction of development is also clear, the victims come from all countries and continents and they are more and more diverisified). Polish law has been changing for many years but it is hard to admit the law is fully adequate to the needs and the scale of the problem. The practice of action of many public institutions changes. Efforts to eliminate human trafficking have been made for years, without effects though. The system to eliminate human trafficking, which has been built for 15 years in Poland, has stable legal and institutional basis, yet lack of political will and decisive organization actions causes the system to lack effectiveness and flexibility necessary in a confrontation with such a dangerous phenomenon as human trafficking is. A reliable description of human trafficking is hard in any place and at any time. In such countries as Poland, it is particularly hard for several reasons. Most of all because it is a phenomenon well-hidden behind many facades of fully legal activities, it is also a rich in content, diverse, and ever changing phenomenon. It is still valid that what we know of human trafficking is merely a tip of the iceberg. We know little about it also because Poland has been a member of EU which makes it an attractive destination for foreigners who either seek their opportunities here or move to other EU countries using the freedom of movement. One of prominent features of evoulution of human trafficking in Poland is a Shift from the country of origin to transit country and to destination one. Political and economic changes of the early 1990s combined with temporary decrease in police effectiveness resulted in increase in crime. Also the serious one, organized crime. This is when human trafficking ap-peared in Poland. In the beginning, activity of criminal groups concentrated on recruitment of Polish women to sex businesses in Western Europe.

10

Europeizacja prewencji kryminalnej

61%

Czapska J.

Archiwum Kryminologii

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2008

|

issue XXIX-XXX

459-472

11

Przestrzenny obraz przestępczości w Warszawie

61%

Dziugieł M.

Biuletyn Kryminologiczny

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2017

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issue 24

151-174

EN

The aim of this article was to consider problem of crime in the city, why it is much higher than in the areas less populated, what have influence to it’s growths and falls, what are the effects of crime and actions that can be implemented to prevent it. In this Thesis I describe crime on the example of Warsaw as a place of commiting various types of crime, scale of crime and also places within it with the highest intensity of behaviours incompatible with accepted standards. I describe four quarters with some of the highest numbers of commited crimes on their areas and their characteristics.

PL

Niniejszy artykuł porusza problem przestępczości w przestrzeni miejskiej, jej przyczyny, czynniki wpływające na jej wzrost lub spadek, skutki oraz działania, które mogą być wdrażane, by jej zapobiegać. Rozważania zostały oparte na przykładzie Warszawy jako miejsca popełniania przestępstw, skali przestępczości oraz miejsc na jej terenie o najwyższym natężeniu zachowań niezgodnych z przyjętymi normami. Wyróżniono cztery dzielnice charakteryzujące się jednymi znajwyższych liczb popełnianych na ich terenach przestępstw i opisano ich specyfikę. The aim of this article was to consider problem of crime in the city, why it is much higher than in the areas less populated, what have influence to it’s growths and falls, what are the effects of crime and actions that can be implemented to prevent it. In this Thesis I describe crime on the example of Warsaw as a place of commiting various types of crime, scale of crime and also places within it with the highest intensity of behaviours incompatible with accepted standards. I describe four quarters with some of the highest numbers of commited crimes on their areas and their characteristics.

12

Zapobieganie przestępczości cudzoziemców w Polsce

61%

Rzeplińska I.

Archiwum Kryminologii

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2016

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issue XXXVIII

5-13

EN

It has been for several decades now that criminological literature has addressed the issue of crime prevention in societies. Helena Kołakowska-Przełomiec argued in 1984: “While trying to formulate a definition of crime prevention, on no account should we disregard the fact that a criminal offence may be committed only by an individual who lives in a certain specific setting, in a society. Crime prevention can therefore be associated with the conditions of the external world in which a person lives, the constraints of social interactions, interpersonal relations, as well as with the person’s own identity, selfdevelopment, lifetime experience, attitudes, aspirations, and the scope of individual activities. Accordingly, crime prevention may be associated with all that effectively makes up the fabric of an outside world in which the person lives, with the overall diversity of human activity, groups of people, and individuals. Indeed, such activity may be closely linked to crime prevention, or only indirectly related to it, or it may also be very far removed from crime prevention. Crime prevention may also exist objectively, without any human activity linked to it whatsoever (e.g. in a mountainous area devoid of roads it is effectively impossible to commit traffic offences).” The author formulated the following definition: “crime prevention is construed as any and all actions which might lead, be that directly or indirectly, to inhibiting the incidence of criminality at large, of criminal offences, and the development of criminal phenomena all over the world.” Ten years later, another definition of crime prevention was proposed by Janina Czapska: “crime prevention should to be construed as all measures aimed at reducing the overall crime incidence and load, either by limiting the circumstances conducive to committing criminal offences, or by exerting an impact on a potential perpetrator, as well as on all members of a society.” In a document of 2002 promulgated by the UN Economic and Social Council, crime prevention is construed as a set of policies and measures that “seek to reduce the risk of crimes occurring, and their potential harmful effects on individuals and society, including the fear of crime.” Modern Europe is a world of people who keep migrating, moving between countries. The presence of foreign nationals (i.e. those who are not the nationals of a particular country) in each of the EU Member States is a natural phenomenon, as they are the EU citizens and the third-country nationals. Criminal offences committed by foreign nationals are also natural enough, from random offences to fully premeditated ones, from minor offences to serious crimes, from common offences to criminal offences specific to foreign nationals in a particular country and during a specific period, committed under certain social, economic and political conditions. In Poland, police crime statistics have taken due note of foreign nationals as suspects since 1984. The proportion of foreign nationals to suspects in total in the period spanning 1984–1988 ranged from 0.1% to 0.5%. This proportion increased throughout the 1990s, from 0.8 in 1991 to 1.8% in 1996, and then to 2.02% in 1997. A decrease in this proportion was noted – 1.6% in 1998, 1.3% in 2000, 0.67% in 2004, and 0.43% in 2012. Foreign nationals suspected of committing criminal offences in Poland in the first decade of the 21st century come from 61 countries. 30% of them are EU citizens. The most numerous are citizens of Germany, Lithuania, Romania, Bulgaria and the Czech Republic. Foreign nationals from non-EU countries constitute 70% of all foreign national suspects, among which the most numerous come from the neighbouring countries: Ukraine, Belarus, the Russian Federation and Armenia. In short, foreign nationals suspected of committing criminal offences in Poland originate from the neighbouring countries: Ukraine, Belarus, Germany, Lithuania, and Russia. The overall picture of criminal offences committed by foreign nationals in Poland in the first decade of the 21st century is as follows: a negligible share of foreign suspects in the human crime category, a high proportion in the specific offences category, i.e. driving while under the influence of alcohol or drugs, whereupon, in the absence of a natural person victim, the only ‘aggrieved’ party is public order, i.e. road traffic safety. The high share of foreign suspects in the offences against the credibility of documents means that foreign nationals who hold residence in Poland, or who enter Poland, make use of forged IDs or travel documents. The overall picture that emerges from the police crime statistics still needs to be supplemented by such rare events as terrorist crime, crime committed in organized groups, or hard to detect crimes, e.g. illegal cigarette or illicit drug manufacturing. In line with the definitions cited above, with regard to each particular type of criminal offence committed by foreign nationals, an appropriate strategy needs to be determined. In each individual case and for each type of crime a separate listing of crime risk factors should be compiled. Smuggling (duly registered by the Customs Service) seems one of the ‘favourite’ types of a criminal offence committed by foreign nationals in Poland (even though Polish nationals also perpetrate this kind of crime). Smuggling takes place both at border crossings and elsewhere, along usually rather desolate, woodland areas straddling a state border, not subject to heavy patrolling by border guard troops. Moving contraband across the border stands to bring substantial profits to all parties involved. In 96% of cases, the contraband commodity of choice are the tobacco products. Foreign nationals are also registered in Poland as the perpetrators of business-related crimes: criminal offences aimed at obtaining material benefits at the expense of other parties involved in business activity. Judicial statistics indicate that foreign nationals are convicted for breaching the Industrial Property Act, including its provisions pertaining to trademark protection, followed by offences under the Copyright and Related Rights Act; here, for the most part, crimes involve illicitly replicated software, music, and movies on the market. The perpetrators of these offences are mostly Bulgarian, Romanian, Ukrainian, Belarussian, Armenian, Slovakian, and Georgian citizens. In the area of business crime, organized criminal groups appear to dominate. As may be gleaned from the case records, most groups dealt with violations of the trademark protection provisions, copyright, money counterfeiting, capital fraud, including bank loan fraud, offences related to ATM cards and Internet accounts, followed by insurance fraud and the offences related to trading in liquid fuels. The groups comprised criminals from nearly 20 nationalities, mostly from Bulgaria, Lithuania, Romania, Ukraine, and Armenia, and less frequently the citizens of the UK, Vietnam, China, Moldova, and Georgia. In the period spanning 2015–2016, a brand-new type of crime was uncovered, i.e. professionally organized illicit manufacture of cigarettes in Poland. The report on the status of national security in Poland for 2014 draws attention to the involvement of foreign nationals in criminal activities. Tax fraud committed by foreign nationals from EU countries appears to be on the rise. Foreigners register business ventures in Poland and then proceed to abuse the Polish tax system with a view to benefiting from undue VAT refunds. Combating business crime, as referenced in the Report, requires fostering closer cooperation between various departments, authorities, and statutory bodies involved in preventing and combating crime. This approach has already spawned a government programme for the prevention and combating business crime for 2015–2020, in which the key principles of the actual action plan have been laid down. Research on organized crime groups, including those involving foreign nationals, reveals that all groups intended to profit from criminal activities, were managed by strong leaders, with ethnicity being of much lesser importance in their operations. They are mobile, moving both across the territory of Poland and beyond its borders. Organized crime groups involving foreign nationals are multi-disciplinary; they are involved in drug-related offences, business crime, and other types of criminal pursuits. Variability in the actual type of criminal activity pursued is always dictated by the principal objective – the achievement of material gain. Prevention and combating terrorist threats in Poland is provided for in the National Counter-Terrorism Programme for 2015–2019. There is no single system for preventing and combating crimes committed by foreign nationals, and hence we are not going to formulate its objectives here. Prevention, i.e. the identification of risk factors for criminal offences committed by foreigners, may be pursued in relation to a particular type of crime committed at any one time (types of criminal offences vary over time). Combating or controlling the criminal behaviours of foreign nationals, to express it in modern lingo, may be pursued through obtaining adequate insight into the actual aetiology of various kinds of criminal offences committed by foreign nationals, and an appropriate penal policy.

13

Ocena wykorzystania wiedzy naukowej w powiatowych programach prewencyjnych województwa świętokrzyskiego. Evidence based crime prevention w praktyce

61%

Wzorek D.

Archiwum Kryminologii

|

2020

|

issue XLII/2

99-132

EN

The aim of this paper is to investigate how scientific evidence is used in the preparation, implementation, and final evaluation of local crime prevention strategies and the protection of citizens’ security and public order. The analysis is conducted using an evidence-based crime prevention approach. A qualitative analysis has been made of the local security strategies of the local self-government of the Świętokrzyskie voivodeship, which have been reconstructed from the content of poviat crime prevention strategies and annual reports of the security commission. Based on the conclusions presented in the Beccaria Standards, a tool has been prepared to assess the degree to which scientific knowledge was used in poviat security strategies. The analysis shows that although there are different possibilities for using scientific evidence to prepare, implement, and evaluate preventive strategies, scientific knowledge is not often used.

PL

Celem artykułu jest zbadanie, w jaki sposób wiedza naukowa wykorzystywana jest przy przygotowywaniu, wdrażaniu oraz ocenie realizacji powiatowych programów zapobiegania przestępczości oraz ochrony bezpieczeństwa obywateli i porządku publicznego. Analizy zostały osadzone w nurcie prewencji kryminalnej opartej o dowody naukowe. Przeprowadzono jakościową analizę powiatowych polityk bezpieczeństwa powiatów województwa świętokrzyskiego, które zostały zrekonstruowane w oparciu o treść powiatowych programów zapobiegania przestępczości oraz corocznych sprawozdań komisji bezpieczeństwa. Na podstawie uzyskanych danych oraz przedstawionych standardów Beccaria przygotowano narzędzie służące do oceny stopnia wykorzystania wiedzy naukowej w ramach powiatowych polityk bezpieczeństwa. Z przeprowadzanych analiz wynika, że pomimo szerokich możliwości wykorzystania wiedzy naukowej do przygotowania, wdrożenia i oceny programów prewencyjnych, wiedza naukowa nie jest często stosowana.

14

Zapobieganie przestępczości w kontekście konstytucyjnych postanowień dotyczących polityki zatrudnienia

57%

Kowalski G.

Roczniki Wydziału Nauk Prawnych i Ekonomicznych KUL

|

2010

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vol. 6

|

issue 1 Prawo

23-35

EN

This article presents the provisions of the Polish Constitution on employment policy and the potential that these provisions have in preventing crime. It discusses the role played by constitutional provisions in crime prevention concerning: a) conducting an antiunemployment policy; b) the right to minimum remuneration for work; c) work being protected by the state; d) social security of persons unable to work; e) right to information about the work of public officials. The analysis of the regulations of the Polish Constitution mentioned above was made not only from the standpoint of prevention of crime for the first time, but also in terms of combating recidivism.

15

Rewitalizacja zdegradowanych obszarów miejskich jako element kształtowania bezpieczeństwa publicznego

57%

Kowalczyk J.

Bezpieczeństwo. Teoria i Praktyka

|

2020

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issue 4

91-108

EN

Infrastructural projects undertaken as part of recovery schemes – including reconstruction, renovation, modernisation, and adaptation of old buildings – are aimed at counteracting negative socio-spatial phenomena. This is due to the fact that urban recovery initiatives are conducted in places epitomised by a large concentration of social problems, including unemployment, poverty, poor education, as well as crime, and low levels of safety and security. The connection between degradation of urban space and the level of security in local urban communities was noticed at the beginning of the twentieth century by researchers from the Chicago School, known for their efforts to transfer ecological orientation into social sciences. The social accomplishments of the Chicago School were further developed in the 1960s in the US and Canada. The disappointment with limited ability to influence potential criminals and the low success rate of rehabilitation schemes pushed researchers to focus on other theories pertaining to crime prevention in cities, and to focus more on spatial conditions. The emerging theoretical approaches constituted a set of postulates regarding the ways in which urban space ought to be shaped in order to effectively reduce crime rates and strengthen the sense of security in local communities. The aim of this paper is to analyse the leading urban space security postulates formulated by American and Canadian criminologists and urbanists, and to attempt to provide a sensible answer to the question of whether it is possible to use these postulates for recovery projects in disadvantaged urban areas in order to counteract negative socio-spatial phenomena.

PL

Podejmowane w ramach rewitalizacji przedsięwzięcia infrastrukturalne związane z przebudową, remontami, modernizacją czy adaptacją wiekowych budowli, mają na celu przeciwdziałanie negatywnym zjawiskom o charakterze społeczno-przestrzennym. Działania rewitalizacyjne są podejmowane w przestrzeni miejskiej charakteryzującej się dużym natężeniem problemów społecznych, takich jak: bezrobocie, ubóstwo, niski poziom edukacji i bezpieczeństwa, a także przestępczość. Związek między degradacją przestrzeni miejskiej a poziomem bezpieczeństwa społeczności lokalnej w miastach został dostrzeżony na początku XX w. przez badaczy szkoły chicagowskiej, znanej z próby przeniesienia orientacji ekologicznej na grunt badań społecznych. Rozwinięciem dorobku tej szkoły były badania prowadzone od lat 60. w Stanach Zjednoczonych oraz Kanadzie. Rozczarowanie ograniczoną możliwością oddziaływania na potencjalnych sprawców oraz niską skutecznością resocjalizacji skłoniło badaczy do skoncentrowania uwagi na innych teoriach skupiających się na zapobieganiu przestępczości w miastach, w tym na uwarunkowaniach przestrzennych. Powstałe ujęcia teoretyczne stanowiły zbiór postulatów dotyczących tego, w jaki sposób należy kształtować przestrzeń miejską, aby sprzyjała ona redukcji przestępczości oraz stanowiła czynnik wzmacniający poczucie bezpieczeństwa lokalnej społeczności. Celem artykułu jest analiza głównych postulatów sformułowanych przez amerykańskich i kanadyjskich kryminologów i urbanistów, dotyczących przestrzennych aspektów bezpieczeństwa w miastach, a także próba znalezienia odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy podczas prowadzenia przedsięwzięć rewitalizacyjnych na zdegradowanych obszarach miejskich możliwe jest zastosowanie tych postulatów w celu przeciwdziałania negatywnym zjawiskom o charakterze społeczno-przestrzennym.

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