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EN
The publication in 2017 of Józef Maria Ruszar’s work Czerwone pająki. Dziennik żołnierza LWP has become an important contribution to for the further research concerning the use of the military draft for political repression. Until now, historians have been primarily interested in organised forms of oppression: mining battalions, clerical companies, field companies and special military camps. Repressions of a more focused nature have been analysed in a perfunctory manner, often without understanding their essence, which was facilitated by the difficult access to documentation held in military archives until 2016. Hence, it was only the publication of Ruszar’s account that opened a new field of research, demonstrating the way in which the military was able to make situational use of existing regulations in dealing with potentially problematic individuals. The story of Ruszar’s appointment to service at the Reserve Officers School at the Nalazek Family Land Forces Training Centre in Elbląg, and the subsequent suspicion of his refusal to take the oath and expulsion to perform basic military service, was reconstructed quite accurately in the diary. At that time, it was much more difficult to confirm Ruszar’s conviction that he had been deliberately conscripted to serve in the Armed Forces, and to reconstruct the course of the oppositionist’s surveillance by the bodies of the Army’s Main Political Board and the Military Internal Service. The presented collection is a supplement to the described edition, which is the result of over 2.5 years of searches in the Archives of the Institute of National Remembrance, the Military Archive in Oleśnica, the Military Archive in Toruń, and the Central Military Archives of the Military Historical Bureau.
PL
Publikacja w 2017 r. pracy Józefa Marii Ruszara Czerwone pająki. Dziennik żołnierza LWP stała się ważnym przyczynkiem do dalszych odkryć w zakresie wykorzystywania obowiązku służby wojskowej do celów represji politycznej. Do tej pory historyków interesowały przede wszystkim zorganizowane formy opresji: bataliony górnicze, kompanie kleryckie, kompanie polowe i wojskowe obozy specjalne. Represje o charakterze bardziej punktowym były analizowane zdawkowo, często bez zrozumienia ich istoty, czemu sprzyjał utrudniony do 2016 r. dostęp do dokumentacji przechowywanej w ramach wojskowej sieci archiwalnej. Stąd dopiero publikacja relacji Ruszara otworzyła nowe pole badawcze, pokazując sposób, w jaki wojsko potrafiło wykorzystywać sytuacyjnie istniejące przepisy w walce z potencjalnie problematycznymi jednostkami. Historia powołania Ruszara do służby w Szkole Oficerów Rezerwy przy Ośrodku Szkolenia Wojsk Lądowych im. Rodziny Nalazków w Elblągu, a następnie posądzenia go o chęć odmowy złożenia przysięgi, wydalenia go z SOR i skierowania do odbycia zasadniczej służby wojskowej została dość dokładnie zrekonstruowana w dzienniku. O wiele trudniej było wówczas potwierdzić przekonanie Ruszara o celowym powołaniu go do służby w lWP oraz odtworzyć przebieg inwigilacji opozycjonisty przez organa Głównego Zarządu Politycznego i Wojskowej Służby Wewnętrznej. Prezentowany zbiór stanowi uzupełnienie opisywanej edycji i jest efektem przeszło dwuipółrocznej kwerendy w Archiwum Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej, Archiwum Wojskowym w Oleśnicy, Archiwum Wojskowym w Toruniu i Centralnym Archiwum Wojskowym Wojskowego Biura Historycznego.
EN
The article aims to show the changing methods of discouraging seminarians, who became soldiers in military units, from continuing their priestly education. Unpublished letters Warsaw seminarians sent Władysław Miziołek from military barracks serve as a source of analysis. At the time, Miziołek was the rector of the Metropolitan Higher Theological Seminary in Warsaw; in 1969, he became an auxiliary bishop of Warsaw.
EN
Artykuł zawiera próbę wstępnej analizy wybranych zagadnień służby wojskowej w Polsce w latach 1950–1955. Autorzy próbują to uczynić przy zastosowaniu metodologii historii społecznej. Przedmiotem ich zainteresowania są: pobór i wcielenie do wojska, szykany, represje i nieregulaminowe kary stosowane wobec żołnierzy w jednostkach wojskowych (nazywane wówczas „pruską dyscypliną”) oraz zjawisko dezercji (definicje, legislacja, skala, przyczyny). Podstawę ustaleń stanowią przede wszystkim wojskowe dokumenty archiwalne. Conscription, incorporation, “Prussian drill”, desertions: an introduction to the research into the social history of military service in Stalinist Poland (1950–1955)An analysis of military files reveals that in the Stalinist period the mandatory military service was a mass social experience which abounded with conflicts and tensions. The conscription itself, and then the enlistment were conducive to the use of various social strategies that were to preserve young men from serving in the army. These efforts were often supported by their workplaces which appealed for a deferment for their employees necessary for the realization of their production plans.One of the main problems of everyday operations of military troops in Stalinist Poland was the prevalence of socially pathological phenomena. Both the regular officers and senior privateers subjected the young soldiers to harsh and even cruel treatment. This behaviour, involving harassment and persecution unrelated to the service, was termed the “Prussian drill”, and was officially condemned, although it was applied. Military sources contain descriptions of some cases, but it is impossible to establish their actual number.Conditions of military service in the Stalinist period, including cases of Prussian drill, were one of many reasons of some “extraordinary cases”, including desertions. Desertions were among three most frequent extraordinary cases (besides accidents of mechanical vehicles and unfortunate accidents) in the Polish People’s Army in the first half of the 1950s. Usually, they were caused by soldiers most freshly conscripted, who most badly tolerated not only persecutions but also separation from their home and family. Their relatively large number resulted also from a broad definition of desertion adopted in the contemporary law regulations that included acts by which a soldier did not seek to permanently abandon and forsake his duty of military service.
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