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Transformation of the Memory and Symbolism of Local Space in the Process of European Integration

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Niżnik J.

Polish Sociological Review

2017

vol. 198

issue 2

127-140

European integration impacts the perception and symbolism of space, and the resultant transformation seems to be linked to changes in memory. Both of these factors belong to the deep, although not always conscious effects of integration. Memory is rarely stable. The biographical events in an individual’s life, along with changes in the meaning of the broad European space, affect the symbolism of a local space as developed in both individual and collective memory. This also transforms the memory and symbolism of even the most intimate experience of a local space-and again, this takes place both in the memory of individuals and in the collective memory of local communities. Its form greatly depends on the variety of agents involved in public discourse, such as the media and the arguments made by political and religious leaders. One of the factors involved is the change in social and cultural perspective created by the expanded area of easily accessible space, which in today’s EU includes countries once separated by physically experienced borders. In the article I will attempt to identify and describe the mechanisms involved in transforming the symbolism of local space. One of the issues addressed will be the confrontation between advancing cosmopolitanism and the rise of attachment to localities.

Populism as a Corrupted Democracy

100%

Niżnik J.

Zeszyty Prasoznawcze

2017

vol. 60

issue 2 (230)

257-264

Przestrzeganie zasad demokratycznych nie jest wystarczające, by powstrzymać populizm. Celem artykułu jest znalezienie odpowiedzi na pytanie dotyczące przyczyny takiego stanu rzeczy. By zrozumieć to zjawisko, należy je widzieć jako narzędzie manipulacji stosowane w dyskursie politycznym przez polityków skrajnych ugrupowań, które staje się ich stylem uprawiania polityki. Chociaż procedury demokratyczne mogą być wykorzystywane przez tych polityków, by otrzymywać wysokie stanowiska polityczne, ich dalsza działalność zazwyczaj narusza co najmniej niektóre z tych procedur. Kolejne argumenty przytoczone w artykule pokazują, że, pod jego demokratyczną powierzchnią, populizm jako styl uprawiania polityki jest po prostu zepsutą formą demokracji, a media pełnią bardzo ambiwalentną rolę w tym procesie.

The observance of democratic principles is clearly not enough to stop populism. The paper is aimed at answering the question: why is this so? To understand this phenomenon one should see it as an instrument of manipulation applied to political discourse by extremist politicians, which becomes their style of making politics. Although democratic procedures can be used by such politicians to obtain high positions in the political realm, their further activities usually violate at least some of those procedures. The further arguments of the paper show that, behind its democratic surface, populism as a style of making politics is simply a corrupted form of democracy and the media play a very ambivalent role in this process.

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1 Polish Sociological Review

1 Zeszyty Prasoznawcze

2 Niżnik J.

2 2017

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Transformation of the Memory and Symbolism of Local Space in the Process of European Integration

Populism as a Corrupted Democracy