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1

QUESTION OF EXTERNAL VALIDITY OF TRUST IN THE ESS R1-7 DATA

100%
Výrost J.
Človek a spoločnosť. Internetový časopis pre pôvodné teoretické a výskumné štúdie z oblasti spoločenských vied
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2017
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vol. 20
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issue 4
-
EN
A stable and strong correlation between economic indicators and social trust is well-documented. Our analysis confirmed that 3 indicators of Group A together are significant predictors of trust for people with GINI as significant single predictor. The complex indicators addition into the group of predictors increased powerfully the explanatory power of MODEL 2 and in this constellation the CPI manifested as the most effective predictor. The addition of four ESS indicators in this case did not change the situation dramatically and in this case the CPI manifested itself as the most powerful predictor. The general idea that there is a connection between “simple” indicators of national economic performance and trust towards political institutions in ESS data (Round 1-3) was tested already. Historically the main focus in research was oriented towards the question of internal validity. In the context of the survey research data the usual expectation is that well known disadvantages of this kind of data could be compensated by their external validity. In the ESS the highest attention is paid to the questions of methodological rigor, and in this sense also to the validity of collected data. The results of our analyses confirmed that there exists a serious connection between ESS data and different social indicators not only “inside” but also “outside” the survey.
2

HETERO- AND AUTO-STEREOTYPES OF ETHNIC MINORITIES IN SLOVAKIA

63%
Výrost J., Martonyik J.
Človek a spoločnosť. Internetový časopis pre pôvodné teoretické a výskumné štúdie z oblasti spoločenských vied
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2018
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vol. 21
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issue 4
-
EN
In this article we will concentrate our attention on auto- and hetero-stereotypes of members of five traditional ethnic minorities living in Slovakia: Hungarian, Czech, Roma, Ruthenian, and Ukrainian. Through intergroup stereotyping we understand standardized and simplified images and beliefs of individual members or groups as a whole. Stereotypes usually correspond to a holder’s beliefs and social objects; in the case of intergroup stereotypes these are typically personality characteristics. Data was collected in the second half of 2017 in all regions of Slovakia. The total quota sample in our research consists of 972 adult respondents: 165 Hungarians, 160 Roma, 165 Czechs, 160 Ruthenians, 160 Ukrainians, and 162 Slovaks. The obtained results reflect clearly the positive reciprocal effect in the Warmth hetero-stereotypes dimension for the most ethnic group dyads. This is especially visible in the case of Slovaks-Czechs, and Ruthenians-Ukrainians bonds, but also is present in mutual relations between all ethnic group members except for Roma. The competence dimension reproduces the picture described above, but ties between the mentioned closest dyads are slightly weaker and hetero-stereotypes to the Roma moved slightly more to the negative pole. Figures in the Data connected with auto-stereotypes of all groups reflect the known fact about their favourableness in comparison with hetero-stereotypes. Hetero-stereotypes of respondents to 5 target groups (4 minority ethnic groups - Hungarians, Ruthenians, Ukrainians, Czechs and for comparison Slovaks representing the majority) expressed to an important extent patterns of similarity, locating all 6 compared groups of respondents (including Roma) into the positive quadrant of the Stereotype Content Model represented by high warmth and high competence. This result supports the picture described in previous analyses (Homišinová, Výrost, 2005; Výrost, 2005) and confirms the stability of mutual perceptions. The situation with hetero-stereotypes to the Roma target ethnic group is visibly different; its location to low-low quadrant in both the dimensions of the Stereotype Content Model is univocal. These results fill in the picture of social status and conditions of living of the Roma population in general (Europe) and in Slovakia.
3

MOTHER TONGUE IN THE VALUES AMONG YOUNG PEOPLE WITH THE SLOVAK NATIONALITY IN CROATIA AND SERBIA

63%
Výrost J., Homišinová M.
Človek a spoločnosť. Internetový časopis pre pôvodné teoretické a výskumné štúdie z oblasti spoločenských vied
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2016
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vol. 19
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issue 4
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EN
The objective of the present study is a) to test the differences/similarities between value systems of Slovak adolescents from three culturally different settings (in Serbia, in Croatia, and in Slovakia); b) to verify the hypothesis that ethnic values play (for members of ethnic minorities in mutual comparison) a more important role. This article is a follow up to an earlier work focused on the values of the young Slovak minority members living in Hungary (Výrost, 2011). The empirical data was collected through questionnaires administered by interviewers. The obtained results of the comparison of value profiles (Kruskal-Wallis test) partially confirmed our hypothesis that minority members (Slovaks in Serbia) will prefer ethnic values more: As far as the Slovaks from Croatia are concerned, their value profile was more or less identical to the Slovaks living in Slovakia. The apparent differences between the two Slovak minority groups value profiles and the need to get a more detailed answer on the raised question, led us to conduct two analyses of binary logistic regression models (in each groups separately) to analyse the influence of value preferences on the attitude to mother tongue usage. In each group (Slovak adolescents in Serbia and Slovak adolescents in Croatia), a set of 10 values was observed as a significant (chi squareRS = 34.223, p < 0,001; chi squareHR = 18.170, p < 0.042), but moderate – about 30% – (Cox & Snell’s RRS²= 0.399; Cox & Snell’s RHR²= 0.315) predictor of the attitude to the mother tongue usage. Ethnic values played an important, but different role in these relations; in the case of Slovak adolescents living in Serbia it is “Mother tongue” value preference which contributes most significantly to the prediction, while in the group of Slovak adolescents living in Croatia it is “Nationality” value preference. Languages do not have the same function in communities, and this fact is especially true for minority languages; ethnic minorities live in a societal bilingualism, in disglossia, and the status of minority language differs from country to country for many reasons. The collected data confirm the necessity to study not only the legal or “objective” position of the mother tongue in life of ethnic minorities, but also its personal reflections.
4

TRUST IN PEOPLE AND ATTITUDES TOWARDS IMMIGRATION

63%
Výrost J., Dobeš M.
Človek a spoločnosť. Internetový časopis pre pôvodné teoretické a výskumné štúdie z oblasti spoločenských vied
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2019
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vol. 22
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issue 1
34 - 43
EN
We use data from the European Social Survey (ESS) Rounds 1-7 to investigate the relationship between trust in people and attitudes towards immigrants and immigration. Our analysis is based on large longitudinal comparative survey data (ESS), where the immigrant attitudes are operationalized by two groups of items: the attitude toward immigrants and the attitude toward immigration. We constructed a structural equations model comprised of three intercorrelated latent variables. Each latent variable was supported by three items from the ESS questionnaire. The results show that the questions in the ESS questionnaire that targeted respective attitudes and values (immigrants, immigration and trust) are consistent and that each triplet measures a common underlying factor. Our analysis shows that although correlation signs and strengths are consistent among people in various countries, significant differences remain in terms of how strongly trust in people and attitudes towards immigrants and immigration are correlated. We can hypothesize that immigration is not perceived as emotionally in the countries that joined later (most of the data have been collected before the current migration crisis); therefore, the fear of immigrants may not be as intense, and the correlation with the underlying factor of feeling secure is not as high.
5

SOCIOETNICKÁ A JAZYKOVÁ SITUÁCIA SLOVENSKEJ MLÁDEŽE ŽIJÚCEJ V RUMUNSKU (PRIMÁRNE VÝSLEDKY EMPIRICKÉHO VÝSKUMU)

51%
Homišinová M., Výrost J., Ďurkovská M.
Človek a spoločnosť. Internetový časopis pre pôvodné teoretické a výskumné štúdie z oblasti spoločenských vied
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2017
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vol. 20
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issue 2
-
EN
During time period 2009 - 2016 two interdisciplinary research projects were carried out with focus on the sociolinguistic situation of the Slovakian youth living in the Lowlands. Both projects were interconnected on the base of thematic orientation and methodology and focused on the language-communication behavior of the Slovakian youth in situational context of intra-ethnic use of spoken Slovak in Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, and Romania. The main instrument used for data collection was a structured questionnaire which consisted of questions oriented on the language/communication behaviour in the formal (public) and informal (family) settings. Obtained data were analysed in SPSS 21 statistical package. Results connected with language behaviour in the formal and informal environment confirmed majority of tendency to communicate very high. Slovak language usage is frequent in communication inside but also outside the school. Significant connection between age and communication outside school settings were confirmed - the younger group more frequently uses Slovak language in ordinary communication. Ethno-cultural indicator also reflected respondent’s predominantly positive attitudes to the national cultural development, mother tongue knowledge improvement, and minority school system development.
6

INTRODUCING THE EURO IN ESTONIA AND SLOVAKIA: DID IT AFFECT PEOPLE’S SATISFACTION?

39%
Ainsaar M., Fedáková D., Roots A., Lumiste K., Kentoš M., Výrost J.
Človek a spoločnosť. Internetový časopis pre pôvodné teoretické a výskumné štúdie z oblasti spoločenských vied
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2017
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vol. 20
|
issue 4
-
EN
The aim of the current study is to analyse the changes of satisfaction of people in both countries during the Euro introduction period. It will allow for a better understanding of the influence of external events on individuals. Slovakia, in January 2009, and Estonia, in January 2011, changed their national currency to the Euro. In both countries the introduction of the Euro was accompanied with positive media coverage and a general acceptance of the Euro as a tool to achieve a better living standard and greater benefits from a common European currency. Both Slovakia and Estonia carried out ESS fieldwork during the currency change period and this has allowed us to study the influence of the event on society regarding people’s satisfaction with it. We use data from the European Social Survey (ESS) for Estonia and Slovakia from the fourth and fifth rounds for analysis (ESS Round 4: European Social Survey Round 4 Data, 2008; ESS Round 5: European Social Survey Round 5 Data, 2010). The first descriptive results revealed differences between the two countries. A declining satisfaction trend prevailed in Estonia while satisfaction increased in Slovakia. A comparison of the Euro change period data with data from the same season but different years, showed that fluctuations with satisfaction cannot be attributed only to one event, and total satisfaction is possibly an outcome of many interactions, both at an individual level and in society. Therefore the continuous study of multiple effects of essential events in society on attitudes is important. Monitoring the contextual data and examining the effect of societal events helps to understand processes in society and plan for better measurement tools.
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