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Tortury a kara za nieposłuszeństwo w austriackich procedurach karnych epoki oświecenia

100%
Moras M.
Krakowskie Studia z Historii Państwa i Prawa
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2014
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vol. 7
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issue 2
PL
In the introduction to the article, the origins of the inquisition al trial as well as the institution of torture were presented with special emphasis on the role of Pope Innocent III in formulating and systematizing the principles of inquisition al procedure in the canon law. The principles of this procedure were briefly outlined. The German-wide Constitutio Criminalis Carolina of 1532 was analyzed in respect of evidence proceedings and the institution of torture. Subsequently, the procedure associated with the use of torture as described in Constitutio Criminalis Theresiana of 1768, the last Austrian code of law permitting torture, was presented. The author also compared the resolutions relating to torture and contained in the above-mentioned codes of law. The negative and positive opinions of the representatives of the world of learning as well as men of law, concerning the institution of torture were subsequently presented. The subsequent section of the article deals with the institution of punishment for disobedience as found to the Austrian penal procedures from the years 1788–1803, and more precisely contained in the Criminal Proceedings Ordination of Joseph II of 1788, in the Penal Statue of Western Galicia of 1796 and in Franciscana of 1803, that is in the “Book of Laws relating to Criminal Offences and serious police crimes.” The evolution of the regulations concerning the institution of punishment for disobedience contained in the above-mentioned statutory laws was presented. The author also described the modification of the positive legal evidence theory in the direction of a negative legal evidence theory, introduced within the Criminal Proceedings Ordination of Joseph II. The opinions of lawyers with regard to punishment for disobedience were also discussed. In the final part of the article, the author compares the institution of torture and punishment for disobedience and emphasizes that punishment for disobedience was perceived as a measure serving to maintain proper order in the course of the proceedings, that is, the so called Ordnungsmittel. Torture, on the other hand, was defined as Zwangsmittel. It was emphasized that torture was an inseparable element of an inquisition al trial and was associated with the legal evidence theory which was mandatory during such trials. Finally, it was pointed out that the vacuum after torture was filled by two measures, namely: punishment for suspicion (Verdachstrafe) and punishment for disobedience (Ungehorsamstrafe).
2
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The Requirement of Employment under an Employment Relationship in Public Procurement and the Protective Function of the Labour Law

100%
Moras M.
Studia z Zakresu Prawa Pracy i Polityki Społecznej
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2021
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vol. 28
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issue 4
373-388
EN
The issues included in the article focus on a tool ensuring compliance with provisions of the social law and labour law, as well as collective agreements (so-called cross-cutting “social clause” or horizontal clause) and more precisely on the analysis of regulations of Polish Public Procurement Law related to the requirement posed in relation to economic operators or subcontractors, concerning mandatory employment of staff under an employment relationship when they execute public procurement contracts. The regulation fulfils the protective function of the labour law, underlying the priority of employment. It was emphasized that socially responsible public procurement are inseparably connected with compliance with the provisions of the labour law, whose main aim is to protect the employee. The article also analyses selected issues concerning socially responsible public procurement and the notion of an employment relationship.
3
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Podmiot związku wyznaniowego jako zamawiający: wybrane zagadnienia

63%
Moras M., Kroczek P.
Annales Canonici
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2019
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vol. 15
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issue 2
EN
In Poland, churches and other religious associations also participate in business trading in the area of public procurement, acting as the public purchaser. There are situations in which the application of the Act of 29 January 2004 Public procurement law by these entities may be problematic. The objectives of the article are 1) presentation of the specify of legal relations with religious associations in the field of public procurement; 2) indication of areas of possible application of the regulation of own religious associations in public procurement; 3) approximation, on the example of entities and law of the Catholic Church, of the content of these regulations. Conclusions from considerations may be ­relevant ­especially to the contactors applying for the public procurement contract.
PL
W Polsce kościoły i inne związki wyznaniowe uczestniczą w obrocie gospodarczym także w sferze zamówień publicznych, działając jako zamawiający. Istnieją sytuacje, w których stosowanie ustawy z dnia 29 stycznia 2004 r. Prawo zamówień publicznych przez te podmioty może być problematyczne. Celem artykułu jest: 1) przedstawienie specyfiki relacji prawnych ze związkami wyznaniowymi w zakresie zamówień publicznych; 2) wskazanie obszarów możliwego zastosowania regulacji własnych związków wyznaniowych w zamówieniach publicznych; 3) przybliżenie na przykładzie podmiotów i prawa Kościoła katolickiego treści tych regulacji. Wnioski płynące z rozważań mogą mieć szczególne znaczenie dla wykonawców ubiegających się o udzielenie zamówienia publicznego.
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