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1
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The productivity of the English derivational -ing suffix in contemporary Polish

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Witalisz A.
Studia Linguistica Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis
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2014
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vol. 131
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issue 3
PL
The paper presents and examines -ing formations used in Polish. It also addresses the notion of productivity in morphology and discusses the growing productivity of the English derivational -ing suffix in contemporary Polish. To address the issue of productivity all -ing formations must be divided into foreign loans and derivatives that have been coined in Polish. One of the two forms of analysis of the research material used for the present study is based on the typology of contact-induced innovations; the other involves a synchronic morphological and semantic analysis of -ing formations coined in Polish. A thesis concerning the appearance of English -ing in Polish and its becoming an independent suffix and a productive word-formation rule is proposed.
2
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English linguistic influence on Standard and American varieties of Polish: A comparative study

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Witalisz A.
Studia Linguistica Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis
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2015
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vol. 130
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issue 4
PL
The paper examines the different ways in which English linguistic material is borrowed and adapted by two varieties of Polish, Standard Polish spoken in Poland and American Polish used by the Polish diaspora in the US. The aim of the study is to compare the factors that determine the type and range of loans in both varieties of Polish. The comparison of the ways in which Standard and American Polishes are influenced and shaped by English embraces three main areas: 1) types of loans as products of the borrowing process (such as loanwords, semantic loans, loan translations, syntactic calques, etc.), 2) adaptation of loanwords with reference to phonological, graphic, morphological and semantic adaptation, and 3) semantic fields that are most heavily affected by the borrowing process. The findings of the analysis help to identify the reasons for the discrepancies in the treatment of the English language material in the two varieties of Polish.
3

Typy pseudoanglicyzmów (na przykładzie języka młodego pokolenia Polaków)

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Witalisz A.
Język Polski
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2014
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vol. 94
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issue 1
1-14
PL
Artykuł ma na celu omówienie typów i cech formacji zwanych w literaturze przedmiotu pseudoanglicyzmami na podstawie teorii stworzonej przez badaczy wpływu języka angielskiego na inne języki europejskie, w których pseudoanglicyzmy są zjawiskiem powszechnym i zostały dość dobrze zbadane. W dotychczasowych badaniach pseudoanglicyzmów w języku polskim wyróżniano tylko jeden ich typ, tj. pseudoanglicyzmy powstałe w wyniku elipsy. Materiał językowy wyekscerpowany z polszczyzny, którą posługuje się młode pokolenie Polaków, pozwala na egzemplifikację także innych typów pseudoanglicyzmów.
EN
The article aims at discussing the types and features of Polish “pseudo-anglicisms” against the theoretical background provided by researchers studying the English linguistic influence on other European languages in which pseudo-anglicisms are a common phenomenon and have been well researched. Polish studies on pseudo-loans carried out so far mention just one type of pseudo-anglicisms, i.e. those that are derived in the process of ellipsis. Research material excerpted from the language of young speakers of Polish allows for the exemplification of all the types of pseudo-anglicisms discussed.
4
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Recenzja monografii Marcina Zabawy pt. English semantic loans, loan translations and loan renditions in informal Polish of computer users, Katowice: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego, 2017, ss. 370.

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Witalisz A.
Półrocznik Językoznawczy Tertium
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2018
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vol. 3
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issue 1
PL
Praca to recenzja monografii Marcina Zabawy pt. English semantic loans, loan translations and loan renditions in informal Polish of computer users, Katowice, 2017.
5
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Kryteria oceny poprawności anglicyzmów w profesjolektach

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Witalisz A.
Poradnik Językowy
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2019
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vol. 767
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issue 8
46-57
EN
Contrary to English loans used in Standard Polish, which have been well-researched in studies on English-Polish language contact, Anglicisms used in Polish professional jargons have been neglected by researchers, despite their steadily growing numbers evidenced by the preliminary research carried out for the purposes of the present study. The aim of the article is to verify the usefulness of the available criteria that help decide whether a lexical innovation is in agreement with language norm, for the normative assessment of professional Anglicisms. One other aim is to enrich the existing list of criteria with other normative determinants, such as semantic precision, pragmatic function, international status of specialised terminology, and the hermetic nature of a professional group. Anglicisms have been excerpted from four professional jargons, whose choice has been determined by their diversity and the hermetic nature of the professional group.
6
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Recenzja monografii Marcina Zabawy pt. English semantic loans, loan translations and loan renditions in informal Polish of computer users, Katowice: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego, 2017, ss. 370.

100%
Witalisz A.
Półrocznik Językoznawczy Tertium
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2018
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vol. 3
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issue 1
PL
Praca to recenzja monografii Marcina Zabawy pt. English semantic loans, loan translations and loan renditions in informal Polish of computer users, Katowice, 2017.
7
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Contact-induced right-headed interfixless N+N compounds in Polish. A corpus-based study

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Witalisz A.
Studies in Polish Linguistics
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2018
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vol. 13
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issue 1
45-67
PL
Wpływ języka angielskiego na współczesną polszczyznę nie ogranicza się wyłącznie do wzbogacania jej zasobu leksykalnego i semantycznego. Typowe dla angielszczyzny bezinterfiksalne złożenia rzeczownikowe zapożyczone do polszczyzny w postaci zapożyczeń właściwych i półkalk służą jako model strukturalny, według którego tworzone są w języku polskim neologizmy strukturalne, uważane przez niektórych badaczy za wynik naruszenia zasad rodzimego słowotwórstwa, przez innych za sygnał ożywienia nieproduktywnego dotąd modelu słowotwórczego. Artykuł ma na celu opisanie cech bezinterfiksalnych złożeń rzeczownikowych tworzonych we współczesnej polszczyźnie, a także wyjaśnienie i zilustrowanie, za pomocą materiału otrzymanego z korpusu, mechanizmu odpowiedzialnego za powodowaną wpływem obcym wzmożoną produktywność (lub być może zapożyczenie) opisywanego modelu słowotwórczego, widzianą jako efekt uboczny intensywnego zapożyczenia z języka angielskiego na poziomie leksykalnym. Bezinterfiksalne złożenia rzeczownikowe w dzisiejszym języku polskim to głównie polsko-angielskie formacje hybrydalne tworzone seriami na zasadzie analogii do angielskich modeli strukturalnych. Omawiane złożenia wykazują cechy formalne, które każą je sytuować poza obszarem trzech typów polskich złożeń opisywanych w literaturze. 
EN
While English-Polish language contact results chiefly in English lexical loans, the influence of English on Polish in recent decades has not been limited to lexis and semantics. English penetrates deep into the structural patterns of Polish, and English N+N compound loanwords and loanblends become models for Polish structural neologisms, whose coining may be seen as a violation of native word-formation rules or, at best, as the boosting of a native potential yet non-productive word-formation pattern. It is argued in the article that the increasing productivity of the word-formation rule for deriving right-headed interfixless N+N compounds in Polish is a by-product of intensive lexical borrowing from English. The article explains the mechanism that is responsible for the contact-induced increased productivity (or perhaps the adoption) of a word-formation rule in the recipient language and illustrates it with corpus-sourced material. Most of the newly coined contact-induced N+N formations in Polish are hybrid creations formed in series by analogy to English structural models. The identified formal features of the analysed N+N compounds place them outside of the traditionally recognized types of Polish compounds.
8
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Polish faces of English acronyms and alphabetisms: an illustration of contact-induced linguistic diversity (Part 2)

100%
Witalisz A.
Studia Linguistica Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis
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2019
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vol. 136
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issue 1
51-65
EN
Didżej and didżejować appeared in Polish due to language contact and loanword assimilation processes; the former is the English noun DJ in graphic disguise, the latter is a Polish verbal derivative that conceals the English etymon. The article focuses on discussing and exemplifying the multiple ways in which English acronyms and alphabetisms are assimilated and integrated in the Polish lexical and grammatical systems. Part 1 of the article discusses loanword adaptation processes that have been identified for English lexical loans in several European languages. The linguistic outcomes of loanword adaptation processes, which both occur during the borrowing process and follow it, serve to support an observation that intensive lexical borrowing from English is a change-provoking and development-motivating process that leads to linguistic diversity rather than linguistic homogeneity. An illustration of contact-induced linguistic diversity with corpus-driven data is preceded with a brief discussion of English abbreviations, which, in Part 2, are contrasted with their “polonized” versions that undergo formal, semantic and pragmatic changes in the recipient language.
9
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Polish Faces of English Acronyms and Alphabetisms: An Illustration of Contact-induced Linguistic Diversity (Part 1)

100%
Witalisz A.
Studia Linguistica Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis
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2018
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vol. 135
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issue 4
261-268
EN
Didżej and didżejować appeared in Polish due to language contact and loanword assimilation processes; the former is the English noun DJ in graphic disguise, the latter is a Polish verbal derivative that conceals the English etymon. The article focuses on discussing and exemplifying the multiple ways in which English acronyms and alphabetisms are assimilated and integrated in the Polish lexical and grammatical systems. Part 1 of the article concerns loanword adaptation processes that have been identified for English lexical loans in several European languages. The linguistic outcomes of loanword adaptation processes, which both occur during the borrowing process and follow it, serve to support an observation that intensive lexical borrowing from English is a change-provoking and development-motivating process that leads to linguistic diversity rather than linguistic homogeneity. An illustration of contact-induced linguistic diversity with corpus-driven data is preceded with a brief discussion of English abbreviations, which, in Part 2, are contrasted with their “polonized” versions that undergo formal, semantic and pragmatic changes in the recipient language.
10
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Anglicisms in The National Corpus of Polish: Assets and Limitations of Corpus Tools

63%
Mańczak-Wohlfeld E., Witalisz A.
Studies in Polish Linguistics
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2019
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vol. 14
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issue 4
171-190
PL
Pomimo obiecujących badań automatyczna ekstrakcja anglicyzmów z wykorzystaniem narzędzi dostępnych w elektronicznych korpusach językowych wciąż nie jest możliwa. Mimo to wyszukiwarki korpusowe są nieodzownym narzędziem w systematycznej weryfikacji użycia anglicyzmów wyłuskanych metodą tradycyjną. W artykule omówiono zarówno funkcjonalność, jak i niedoskonałość narzędzi dostępnych w Narodowym Korpusie Języka Polskiego w odniesieniu do badania anglicyzmów różnych typów oraz ich z góry zdefiniowanych cech. Niedostatki narzędzi, związane głównie z semantyką zapożyczeń, zostały zilustrowane konkretnymi przykładami anglicyzmów.
EN
While electronic corpora may not seem adequate sources for anglicisms retrieval, since despite promising attempts they still lack readily available and efficient tools for foreign loans identification, they are indispensable in a systematic verification of the use of preidentified loans. The article offers an assessment of an electronic corpus of Polish in reference to its usefulness for the study of English loans. Though we test a selected corpus and its tools, and use Polish anglicisms as exemplifications, the findings presented in the article pertain to other large corpora and anglicisms in other languages. Corpus tools allow for a multidimensional analysis of loans, yet they fail to meet the requirements of more in-depth analyses of anglicisms, related to their semantics and structure. The limitations of corpora tools will be illustrated with authentic attempted-but-failed corpus searches.
11
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The influence of English on Polish morphology

63%
Mańczak-Wohlfeld E., Witalisz A.
Kwartalnik Neofilologiczny
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2016
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issue 4
421-434
EN
The aim of the present paper is to show that the influence of English is not only limited to the area of lexical borrowing. Non-lexical influence includes, for instance, occasional introduction of the genitive -s, semantic loans, loan translations and morphological modifications. Four English combining forms: -gate, -(a/o)holic, cyber-, e- have been selected for the analysis. The research material for the study comes mainly from the National Corpus of Polish as well as from some earlier publications on new morphological developments in Polish. The morphological and semantic analysis of the four combining forms include: the origin/s of each morpheme, their meaning/s, the type of morphemes they attach to, spelling rules, other information if applicable, e.g. gender, feminine counterparts. The adoption of English combining forms results in the adoption of a foreign word-formation rule that has become productive in Polish.
12
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English-Sourced Direct and Indirect Borrowings in a New Lexicon of Polish Anglicisms

51%
Cierpich-Kozieł A., Mańczak-Wohlfeld E., Witalisz A.
Studies in Polish Linguistics
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2023
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vol. 18
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issue 1
1-23
EN
In recent decades, Polish has experienced an unprecedented influx of English-sourced borrowings, both overt (loanwords) and covert (calques). This linguistic influence echoes the social, technological, environmental and ideological transformations, with these changes reflected in the Polish lexicon. The paper describes a lexicographic project aimed at updating the Słownik zapożyczeń angielskich w polszczyźnie (A Dictionary of Anglicisms in Polish) that was published in 2010. We discuss the theoretical assumptions, the content and the sources of the data for a new, corpus-based dictionary that is in the making, and illustrate the lexicographic solutions we adopted with regard to both well-established and the most recent direct and indirect Anglicisms. We also address the issue of the frequency and the usage of the latter in present-day Polish.
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