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1
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Wielka Brytania wobec integracji europejskiej w latach 1945-1950

100%
Mikołajczyk M.
Przegląd Zachodni
|
2015
|
issue 2(355)
71-96
EN
During the Second World War Winston Churchill called for a close cooperation among countries in postwar Europe with the purpose of uniting them under the leadership of Great Britain. After the war, on account of its prestige and international status, Great Britain seemed to be a natural leader of Western Europe. In 1945 the Conservative Party was replaced in power by the Labour Party but the latter’s attitude toward European integration and the place of Europe in Great Britain’s politics did not differ in essentials from that of the Conservatives, although it should be noted that the traditional reasons of reluctance in tightening cooperation with continental Europe were supplemented by the Labourites with new ones, in line with the party’s the anti-capitalist socio-economic program. In the years 1945-1950 the British government, contrary to the expectations of Western European countries had no intention of leading the process of European integration or even participating in it. However, it was ready to support such activities similarly to Britain’s stance in the interwar period. Churchill, who was then in opposition, championed European integration albeit on the French-German basis, without the participation of Great Britain. When he came back to power in 1951 he continued his predecessors’ policy of splendid isolation in relations with Europe. Therefore, one may speak of a continuity of British policy toward European integration from the interwar period to the early 1960s when the British government expressed its will to join the EEC. This policy had far reaching consequences both for Great Britain and Europe which can be experienced even today.
2

Rola Harolda Macmillana w pracach Zgromadzenia Rady Europy w latach 1949–1951

100%
Mikołajczyk M.
Historia Slavorum Occidentis
|
2016
|
issue 2(11)
222-242
EN
Harold Macmillan became the Prime Minister of Great Britain in the early 1957 as a result of the Suez Crisis. He served in offi ce until 1963. In 1961, he submitted an application for United Kingdom’s membership in the European Economic Community. Intended to be a departure from the current policy of the country in terms of European integration, this step nevertheless did not earn Macmillan the name of a European. Many doubted the sincerity of the decision. However, the beginnings of Macmillan’s European involvement were more than promising. A relatively short stay in the role of a representative of the UK in the Assembly of the Council of Europe between 1949 and 1951, i.e., during the fi rst period of its activity, held a special place in his political career. Apart from organisational matters, the main issues debated at the time included the Schuman Plan, the project of a European army, the inclusion of Germany to the Western system, the situation in Eastern Europe under Soviet control, the future of the Council of Europe and the possibility of building a European federation.
3
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Europejskie dylematy Wielkiej Brytanii – od planu Schumana do Brexitu

100%
Mikołajczyk M.
Przegląd Zachodni
|
2016
|
issue 4(361)
7-35
EN
On 23 June 2016 the British in a referendum decided to leave the EU. The decision triggered an enormous wave of commentaries, a majority of which focused on the recently emergent problems of Great Britain and the EU. The author of the article argues that although those issues significantly influenced the referendum result the causes of the decision are more profound. First and foremost it should be emphasized that the British from the very beginning of the process of European integration treated it with reserve and for a long time had no intention of joining it and even tried to restrain it. When in 1973 Great Britain became a member of the European Communities it did not engage in the mainstream of the process of European integration and unlike France and the FR did not become its driving force. The British leaders either failed or did not want to convince British people of the benefits of membership in the European Communities. Successive British governments treated European affairs instrumentally, having the current political game in view. Moreover, European integration was an issue that affected deep internal divisions among the Tories and the Labourites. In consequence, the British society became increasingly convinced that European cooperation jeopardized rather than served their national interests. The policy of PM Cameron, who awkwardly tried to reconcile the interests of the opponents and supporters of EU membership eventually led to the victory of the former.
4
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Francuska batalia o Wspólną Politykę Rolneą w okresie rządów generała Charlesa de Gaulle’a w latach 1958-1969

100%
Mikołajczyk M.
Przegląd Zachodni
|
2014
|
issue 4(353)
218-239
EN
The object of the article is to show the role of France under de Gaulle’s rule in the preparation of the Common Agricultural Policy in the years 1958-1969 as well as to answer the question whether the CAP met the hopes that de Gaulle and the French farmers placed in it. Three issues are discussed: France’s activity for the creation of the CAP in the years 1958-1962, controversies over establishing common prices for agricultural goods and efforts to develop a system of financing the CAP. The article argues that under de Gaulle’s rule France played a decisive role in the creation of the CAP as the French leader wanted to turn it into an instrument which was to help modernize and restructure French agriculture thus contributing to the improvement of the living conditions of French farmers. In the case of France the balance of the CAP in the period of de Gaulle’s rule was rather positive although not all of the initially assumed goals were achieved.
5
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Francuska batalia o Wspólną Politykę Rolną w okresie rządów generała Charles`a de Gaulle’a w latach 1958-1969

100%
Mikołajczyk M.
Przegląd Zachodni
|
2014
|
issue 4(353)
218-239
EN
The object of the article is to show the role of France under de Gaulle’s rule in the preparation of the Common Agricultural Policy in the years 1958-1969 as well as to answer the question whether the CAP met the hopes that de Gaulle and the French farmers placed in it. Three issues are discussed: France’s activity for the creation of the CAP in the years 1958- 1962, controversies over establishing common prices for agricultural goods and efforts to develop a system of financing the CAP. The article argues that under de Gaulle’s rule France played a decisive role in the creation of the CAP as the French leader wanted to turn it into an instrument which was to help modernize and restructure French agriculture thus contributing to the improvement of the living conditions of French farmers. In the case of France the balance of the CAP in the period of de Gaulle’s rule was rather positive although not all of the initially assumed goals were achieved.
6
Content available remote

Od początków niepodległości do odzyskania wolności. Polska w relacjach zachodnich obserwatorów w latach 1918-1989

100%
Mikołajczyk M.
Przegląd Zachodni
|
2018
|
issue 3(368)
127-163
EN
After 1918 Poland was several times the object of increased interest on the part of western countries. In the interwar period Poland was an important element of European balance in the face of the threat posed by Germany and Soviet Russia. After the Second World War many Poles counted on the Americans and British to prevent the Sovietization of Poland and make Stalin respect the accepted obligation concerning free election in Poland. However, nothing like that happened. Later on, in such critical moments as 1956 or the years 1980-1981, the situation in Poland was attentively monitored by the western countries. Similarly also in the year 1989, which brought Poland a real chance to regain full independence. The aim of the present paper is to present the accounts and opinions of western observers, mainly diplomats and journalists, on the crucial events for Poland in the years 1918-1989. Most of the reports addressed the problems of political transformations, although economic, military and social matters were also brought up, as well as issues relevant to the Jewish minority. These accounts and the opinions they contained diverge at some points from our current knowledge on the discussed problems or events. Nevertheless a research hypothesis can be adopted that in numerous cases they served as abasisfor building the image of Polish reality in the United States, Great Britain or France and influenced the policy of these countries towards Poland. To prove the hypothesis the philological, comparative and sociological methods were used among others.
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