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EN
The article deals with a monograph by Magdalena Luszczynska devoted to Marcin Czechowic, one of the most important anti-Trinitarian theologians of the late sixteenth century. The article sets the book against the backdrop of literature on the anti-Trinitarians in Poland and studies of Czechowic. While criticizing the monograph for its narrow source and methodological basis, it offers a new look at the key aspects of the theologian’s life. The central thesis of the article is that the category of religious awareness allows for a different approach to this Protestant’s conversion.
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu jest monografia Magdaleny Luszczynskiej poświęcona Marcinowi Czechowicowi, jednemu z najważniejszych teologów antytrynitarnych końca XVI w. Artykuł umieszcza pracę na tle dotychczasowej literatury poświęconej antytrynitarzom w Polsce oraz opracowań na temat Czechowica. Krytykując monografię za wąską podstawę źródłową i metodologiczną, proponuje nowe spojrzenie na kluczowe aspekty życia teologa. Teza artykułu głosi, że kategoria świadomości wyznaniowej pozwala inaczej ująć kwestię konwersji protestanta.
EN
In the article the author discusses anti-Lutheran polemics published in the Kingdom of Poland during the rule of Sigismund I and asks about the shape of Reformation movement, which developed in spite of numerous bans imposed by the king. The author proves that although these polemics were explicitly against “Lutherans,” they were often created as a result of clashes with other theologies of the emerging Protestantism. Works created by the lower-status Church employees were not novel, and their range of influence must have been limited.
PL
Artykuł omawia polemiki antyluterańskie opublikowane w Królestwie Polskim w czasach panowania Zygmunta I, stawiając pytanie o kształt ruchu reformacyjnego, rozwijającego się wówczas mimo wielu zakazów króla. Autor dowodzi, że choć polemiki skierowane były explicite przeciw „luteranom”, powstawały często w wyniku starć z innymi teologami rodzącego się protestantyzmu. Utwory stworzone przez niższych pracowników Kościoła były mało oryginalne, a ich zakres oddziaływania musiał pozostać ograniczony.
PL
Polish Toleration or the Beginning of the Enlightenment? Jonasz Szlichtyng (1592‑1661) as Theologian of the second ReformationThe article deals with socianian theologian, Jonasz Szlichtyng (Jonas Schlichting), who was the main pastor in Raków, the centre of socinians (called the Polish Brethren), in the times when they suffered the hardest persecutions which led to their expulsion from Poland in 1658. His exegetical works, reprinted in the Bibliotheca Fratrum Polonorum, were very popular among the intellectuals on the eve of the Enlightenment. The historiography interpreted the change of the attitude towards the Polish Brethren in terms of the transition from the religious toleration of the 16th century towards the persecutions and intolerance of the 17th century. The Brethren were perceived either as successor of the ideas of toleration and a cradle of the Enlightenment, or a traitor of the “Polish nation”. In the essay, these general theses are repudiated upon the analysis of the Szlichtyng’s thought. The author focused on Trinitology, Christology, Soteriology, and Szlichtyng’s attitude towards the secular and ecclesiastical authorities. The reconstruction is based on Szlichtyng’s polemics and some of his exegetical writings. According to the author, Szlichtyng was a typical theologian of the “second reformation” who stressed the role of the piety and a need for change of believers’ lifestyle. By demonstrating the evolution of Szlichtyng’s opinions in the eve of Colloquium Charitativum (Toruń, 1645), the author claims that Szlichtyng made an effort to bring the Brethren closer to other protestant confessions. The author argues that Szlichtyng attempted to reconcile the socinians with the Calvinists. The efforts of Szlichtyng as well as the banishment of Brethren belonged to the process of the confessional development of 17th century, comparable with evolution of other religious communities in Europe.
PL
The early modern age dubbed itself a “new” era, distinguishing itself, in Christoph Cellarius’ description, from the middle age and antiquity. This novitas was marked by cultural, social, religious, and political changes, not always positively evaluated by their contemporaries. With the onset of mental changes at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the early modern era became a historical period preceding and preparing the coming of modernity.
PL
The education of pastors is an important indicator of the gradual professionalisation of this occupation. In turn, this professionalisation is related on the one hand to the process of modernisation and the development of a modern, secularised society. On the other, it is to be placed among issues relevant to the formation of confessions and confessionalisation, and so those processes in the early part of the Early Modern era which deepened the “clericalisation” of society rather than contributed to its secularisation. The former approach does not of course preclude the latter, as the theory of confessionalisation – understood as the emergence of increasingly clear distinctions between confessions in the theological and organisational sense and the tightening of the relation between religion and politics in the individual states of the Holy Roman Empire – seeks to account for the emergence of the modern state and its obedient subjects-citizens. Pastors as a professional group played a very important role in this process, although a study by Schorn-Schütte shows some limitations of this interpretation, particularly regarding the everyday and family lives of pastors.
EN
The article polemicises with Liliana Lewandowska’s analysis of the disputes over pietism in Gdańsk. Referring to the latest state of research on pietism, the authors argue for a broader use of available archival sources and a reconstruction of the historical context: considering the international situation, the politics of the city council, the balance of political forces in Gdańsk, and the public reaction to the polemics.
PL
Artykuł jest polemiką z analizą sporów wokół pietyzmu w Gdańsku przedstawioną przez Lilianę Lewandowską. Autorzy, odnosząc się do najnowszego stanu badań nad pietyzmem, postulują szersze wykorzystanie dostępnych źródeł archiwalnych oraz rekonstrukcję historycznego kontekstu: uwzględnienie sytuacji międzynarodowej, polityki Rady Miejskiej, układu sił politycznych w Gdańsku, a także reakcji społecznych na polemiki.
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