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Miejsce książąt opolskich w polityce Kazimierza Wielkiego względem Śląska.

100%
Nowakowski T.
Res Gestae. Czasopismo Historyczne
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2013
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vol. 13
43-67
PL
The article analyzes consecutive diplomatic and military steeeps  undertaken by Casimir the Great towards Silesia. It analyzes the attitude towards the dukes of Opole, who did not ocuppy any particular place in that policy, against the background of the whole Silesian policy of the king. A few stages can be distinguished in the king’s policy towards Silesia. Initially, the priority of his restitution programme was to restore supremacy over Gdansk Pomerania. Because of that, he tried to obtain a favourable disposition of the Luxembourgs. Thus, he either did not engage into the matters of Silesia or, as the ally of  Luxembourgs, acted from the position of power towards the dukes (1343). In this situation, prolonging the conflict with Teutonic Knights seems to have been a mistake, as it cost Casimir his influences in Silesia which were dating back to the times of  Wladyslaw the Elbow-high. It also did not bring him any major successes in the settlements with Luxembourgs which was clearly shown by the war with dukes of Glogau that took place in 1343. During the war Casimir restored supremacy over Wschowa for the price of evident deterioration of his relationships with the Luxembourgs. There are no traces that would suggest that at that time he kept in contact with the dukes, either old allays of his father (for example, Wladyslaw of Bytom) or his relative Bolek II the Small of Świdnica. All the more, he did not show any interest in the matters of the Duchy of Opole. The dukes of Silesia could start perceiving king Casimir as their ally against the Bohemian expansion in 1345. In the war with the Luxembourgs, the king did not attack the dukes of Silesia, except for those of Glogau. He established contacts with some of the dukes. Known is the agreement between Wladyslaw of Bytom and Casimir the Great that was made on 15th hFebruary 1346 in Bytom. The duke promised that he would not allow John of Bohemia and his sons or Nicholas, Duke of Opava to enter his city until permanent peace was established. Wladyslaw’s act can be evaluated as an attempt of peace mediation that did not transform into a longer cooperation with the king of Poland. The conclusion of a treaty in 1348 meant returning to the previous direction – consequent alliance with Charles IV. Casismir tried to use it again against the Teutonic Order and Brandenburg, howeever to no effect. His engagement into matters at Russia also contributed to his passivity towards Silesia. The last phase took place in the 1360s, starting from 1364 when Casimir tried to resituate forrmer treatiees based on papacy. The Polish policy towards Silesia had been already changed by the marriage with Hedwig of Sagan,  although its main reason was the king’s desire for a descendant and successor. Successes in Hungary also contributed to that change. Angevins managed to keep and expand influences in Silesia, especially among the dukes of Bytom and Opole. Apart from that, Casimir the Great was influenced by the example of the success of Charles IV who, thanks to marriage with Anna, not only obtained a favourable disposition of his former enemy, Bolko of Świdnica, but also the whole kingdom (although only after the death of the widow). Since the marriage with Hedwig, which did not bring Casimir such spectacular benefits, dukes of Silesia began to appear around the king. It seems that he realized too ;ate that strenghening bonds with the dukes of Silesia and as a result undermining  the influences of Luxembourgs was the only way to recover Silesia.
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Zjawisko nieformalnego pobierania z Internetu treści chronionych prawem autorskim w percepcji współczesnej młodzieży

100%
Nowakowski T.
Problemy Opiekuńczo-Wychowawcze
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2023
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vol. 625(10)
72-81
EN
The informal circulation of copyrighted content has been observed for a long time, but only the development of new technologies and widespread access to the Internet have contributed to the evolution of this phenomenon on a global scale. The aim of the research was to learn the opinions of contemporary youth regarding both the reasons for downloading copyrighted content and the extent of this phenomenon. The article presents the results of research on the attitude of contemporary youth towards issues related to the informal content sharing on the Internet, which is an integral part of young people’s online life and is rarely considered in terms of theft and law violation. The research results confirm that informal downloading of files and programmes, despite the fact that it is a very common phenomenon in our society, is not subject to clear assessments from social, economic, and even legal perspective. The article also draws attention to the inadequacy of the current copyright law to rapidly evolving digital technologies and changing ways of consuming cultural content.
PL
Nieformalny obieg treści chronionych prawem autorskim istnieje od bardzo dawna, ale dopiero rozwój nowych technologii i powszechny dostęp do Internetu przyczyniły się do pojawienia się tego zjawiska w skali masowej. Celem podjętych badań było poznanie opinii współczesnej młodzieży zarówno na temat przyczyn pobierania z Internetu treści chronionych prawem autorskim, jak i skali tego zjawiska. Artykuł przedstawia wyniki badań dotyczących stosunku współczesnej młodzieży do kwestii związanych z nieformalną wymianą treści w Internecie, która to stanowi nieodłączny element sieciowej egzystencji młodych ludzi i rzadko kiedy bywa rozpatrywana w kategoriach kradzieży i łamania prawa. Uzyskane wyniki badań potwierdzają, iż nieformalne pobieranie plików i programów z sieci Internet pomimo tego, iż jest bardzo powszechnym zjawiskiem w naszym społeczeństwie, nie poddaje się jednoznacznym ocenom zarówno ze społecznego, gospodarczego, jak i nawet prawnego punktu widzenia. W artykule zwrócono również uwagę na niedostosowanie obecnie obowiązującego prawa autorskiego do szybko rozwijających się technologii cyfrowych oraz zmieniających się sposobów konsumowania treści kultury.
3
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Piętnasta rocznica wydarzeń w Eldorado dos Carajás jako ilustracja zmian w brazylijskiej polityce rolnej

100%
Nowakowski T.
Ameryka Łacińska. Kwartalnik analityczno-informacyjny
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2011
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vol. 19
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issue 3-4 (73-74)
80-85
4
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Analiza funkcjonowania systemu wypożyczalni rowerów miejskich we Wrocławiu w latach 2011–2018

51%
Gołubowska W., Nowakowski T., Rydlewski M., Tubis A.
Gospodarka Materiałowa i Logistyka
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2020
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issue 4
24-32
EN
The aim of the article is to analyze and evaluate the activity of one of the first bike-sharing system in Poland. The article describes the development of Wrocław City Bike (WRM) over the eight years of its existence. In the article were presented data on the number of stations and bikes available for rental in each of the spring and summer seasons in which it was possible to use city bikes. The description has been supplemented with an analysis of the functionality of the system based on a survey at the end of the last season. The purpose of the conducted surveys was also to collect user opinions on the functioning of WRM and its evaluation. The research was also supplemented with analyzes developed on the basis of the results of accompanying observations, which allowed to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the city bike-sharing system. The conclusions presented can be the basis for determining the conditions for the functioning of such systems in the future, both in Wrocław and in other cities.
PL
Celem artykułu jest analiza i ocena działalności jednego z pierwszych w Polsce systemów wypożyczalni rowerów miejskich. W artykule opisano rozwój Wrocławskiego Roweru Miejskiego (WRM) na przestrzeni 8 lat jego istnienia. Przedstawione zostały dane dotyczące liczby stacji oraz dostępnych do wypożyczenia rowerów w każdym z sezonów wiosenno-letnich, w których możliwe było korzystanie z rowerów miejskich. Opis został uzupełniony o analizę funkcjonalności systemu przeprowadzoną na podstawie badania ankietowego pod koniec ostatniego sezonu w ramach pierwszej zleconej przez Urząd Miejski Wrocławia usługi dotyczącej obsługi Wrocławskiego Roweru Miejskiego. Celem przeprowadzonych badań ankietowych było również zebranie opinii użytkowników dotyczących funkcjonowania WRM oraz jego oceny. Badania zostały uzupełnione także o analizy opracowane na podstawie wyników obserwacji towarzyszących, które pozwoliły zidentyfikować mocne i słabe strony systemu wypożyczalni rowerów miejskich. Przedstawione wnioski stanowić mogą podstawę do określenia warunków funkcjonowania tego typu systemów w przyszłości zarówno we Wrocławiu jak i innych miastach.
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