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EN
The article aims at elucidating the problem of the so called anti-missile shield, which can be interpreted as an element of American supremacy in the international system. The study is divided into four parts that correspond to specific contexts of the analysis. The first part deals with the origin of the program of the anti-missile shield which goes back to the 1950s. Emphasis is placed on the long range of the undertaking and the favorable attitude of the American administration towards it irrespectively of the party represented in power. The second part looks at technological issues and the global character of the venture as well as its military-technological and propaganda dimensions. Part three discusses the negative attitude towards the program on the part of two countries aspiring to the status of superpowers: the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China. Attention is drawn to the efforts made by these countries to neutralize the American endeavors to maintain military supremacy. This is a topic relatively little known to the general public as it attracts marginal interest of the mass media. The last part concerns the attitude of the European countries to the American project and focuses on the polarization of standpoints of the member states of NATO and the EU.
XX
W drugiej dekadzie XXI w. koncepcję Energiewende można rozpatrywać w dwóch płaszczyznach: polityczno-ideologicznej oraz społeczno-ekonomicznej oraz trzech wymiarach: narodowym, regionalnym i globalnym. Z punktu widzenia polskiego interesu narodowego ważna wydaje się analiza możliwych uwarunkowań wnikających ze stosunku władz niemieckich wobec Polskiego Programu Energetyki Jądrowej (PPEJ), którego realizacja może okazać się „trudną” kwestią we wzajemnych relacjach Polski i RFN. Problem ten wydaje się szczególnie istotny, ponieważ PPEJ stanowi strategiczną szansę rozwoju dla Polski w wielu kontekstach, biorąc pod uwagę to, że może według założeń realizmu defensywnego wpłynąć również na przezwyciężenie utrwalonego historycznie stanu „nierównowagi” na linii Berlin-Warszawa-Moskwa, poprzez uwiarygodnienie Polski jako wiarygodnego aktora kreującego w oparciu o kooperatywny system bezpieczeństwa sytuacje w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej.
EN
The aim of the article is to highlight the crucial issues related to the concept of terrorism in political sciences. First, the notion of terrorism is defined. Next a dichotomy between two basic modes of perceiving terrorism is shown that raises the most controversy among scholars since it touches upon such issues as the evolution of terrorism and its causes. Also the evolution of the causes of terrorism is presented with emphasis on the major quantifiers of this phenomenon, and the duration of modern terrorism has been divided into stages dominated by particular ideological trends. Analysis of those trends focuses mainly on similarities and differences between them in order to verify the functioning myths.
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