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EN
Many sample surveys are not based on simple or unrestricted random samples, but usually on complex samples with stratification, clustering, unequal inclusion probabilities and multistage sampling. To estimate a parameter, all individual data from complex sample must be weighted by weights connected with sample selection scheme and statification and adjusted for nonresponse and noncoverage errors. Standard statistical computer software is correct for statistical inference from unrestricted random sample, but not from complex sample. The aim of this paper is to present utility of SAS software to statistical inference from complex sample. Data from Household Budget Survey 2008 were used in examples.
EN
Direct estimators used in sample surveys usually provide parameters’ estimates for country and regions. They do not provide estimates for smaller crosssections (age, gender etc.) or smaller geographical areas (subregions, counties, towns and communes). One of the possibilities to obtain such estimates is Bayes approach. It is based on known information beyond the sample. There were considered two Bayes estimators: empirical and hierarchical to obtain precise estimates for counties in agricultural sample surveys carried out by Central Statistical Office in Poland. Additional source of information was Census of Agriculture, whose data are correlated with data from agricultural sample surveys.
PL
W badaniach reprezentacyjnych, prowadzonych przez statystykę publiczną w Polsce i innych krajach, są stosowane estymatory bezpośrednie, oparte wyłącznie na wynikach z próby. Dostarczają one ocen parametrów dla podstawowych przekrojów kraju jako całości i dla większych obszarów, jak województwa. Natomiast nie dają ocen dla mniejszych przekrojów, jak: wiek, płeć itp. oraz dla mniejszych obszarów, jak: podregiony, powiaty, miasta, gminy. Jedną z możliwości uzyskania takich ocen jest podejście bayesowskie, oparte na znanej informacji spoza próby. W artykule rozważa się dwa estymatory bayesowskie: empiryczny i hierarchiczny, aby uzyskać precyzyjne oceny parametrów dla powiatów w reprezentacyjnych badaniach rolniczych prowadzonych przez GUS w Polsce. Źródłem informacji dodatkowych jest pełny spis rolny. Zastosowanie tych estymatorów daje oceny parametrów dla powiatów o dużej precyzji, w przypadku istnienia znacznej korelacji między wynikami z pełnego spisu rolnego i z reprezentacyjnych badań rolniczych prowadzonych po danym spisie.
EN
The aim of this paper is to present the teaching unification process in universities. The paper concentrates on the quantitative methods courses. There is also Bologna Process discussed. The effect of this process is to establish the European Higher Education Area by 2010. The teaching unification can be understood as unification among countries, among universities, and also among courses. Quantitative methods courses are basic requirements for getting both Economics and Management degrees. Moreover, the authors paid a lot of attention to the quality of teaching. Quantitative methods are widely applicable in social-economic practice. The student will use these methods not only while working business, but also when they do research.
PL
Wydrukowano z dostarczonych Wydawnictwu UŁ gotowych materiałów.
EN
The aim of this paper is to analyse the use of computer software at universities, especially in quantitive courses. The authors' research proved that students, teachers and administration staff underuse computer tools which decrease the efficiency of their work.
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