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Il regime disciplinare nell’ambito carcerario polacco

100%
Szwejkowska M.
Themis Polska Nova
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2018
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issue 2(14)
64-72
EN
This article examines issues related to prison disciplinary proceedings. At the first part the Author describes – in a synthetic way – the evolution and aims of imprisonment, starting from ancient times until the 19th century. Mentioned are also the methods od prison discipline in places of penal isolation. The second part consist of a detailed account of historical development of prison disciplinary proceeding in Poland – from the period after the First World War until contemporary times. Concluding part of the article states that the objective of disciplinary sanctions is no longer only to provide safety and order within prisons but also is an important measure of inmate rehabilitation.
2
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W poszukiwaniu skutecznych metod resocjalizacji sprawców pozbawionych wolności na przykładzie Stanów Zjednoczonych Ameryki

100%
Szwejkowska M.
Archiwum Kryminologii
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2018
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issue XL
431-458
EN
In its introduction, the article characterises - in a most comprehensible way - themain objectives of criminal sanctions and their role in preventing crime, according tothe most commonly expressed opinions on the subject from American scholars. It isfollowed by a brief history of assessing the risk of committing an offence in the UnitedStates in recent decades. The risk assessment process was developed before World WarII as a tool to predict possible recidivism in the case of inmates released on parole, butit has been in more common use since 1980s. While the “What works?” movementinitially emerged in the United States, one needs to remember the publication of Robert Martinso’s report that created the “Nothing works” (concerning prison rehabilitation)doctrine. It aided the justification of severe changes in punitive prison policies inthe 1970s that continued well into the 1990s, with the slogans “tough on crime, toughon the causes of crime” being more prominent. It took more than a decade to reestablishsome hope in prison rehabilitation programmes and allow the paradigm shiftsto happen – from the retribution “being tough on offenders” policy to more creativeapproaches towards offenders. By constructive approaches to working with offenders,one means the use of effective methods and techniques to alter criminal behaviourof inmates to prevent their possible relapse into crime (crime prevention).The main goal of the article is to present the most fundamental system in the UScriminal justice system that is most commonly applied nowadays: the Risk-Need-Responsivity (RNR) model and its principles to offender assessment. The aforementionedprinciples were laid down by Canadian scholars, Donald Arthur Andrews andJames Bonta. In that model, “risk” means the identification of specific factors thatare associated with recidivism (in general, depending on a specific crime, e.g. sexualoffenders or offenders who committed violent crimes). Andrews and Bonta argue thata number of factors need to be considered in any comprehensive theory of criminalbehaviour, including biological or neurological issues, inheritance, temperamentand social and cultural factors, while also noting that criminal behaviour is a multifactorialissue. “Need” assesses criminogenic needs and targets them in prison treatmentprogrammes for elimination, while “responsivity” intends to maximise the offender’sability to learn how to combat possible recidivism through rehabilitative intervention,providing cognitive behavioural treatment – with the said intervention being tailoredto the learning style, motivation, abilities and strengths of the offender.Risk assessment is applied during different stages of the criminal procedure: beforesentencing and during the period of time when the criminal sanction is executed, i.e.while serving a custodial sentence. It must be noted that, in the US justice system, judgesare not the only people obliged to assess the potential risk of an offender relapsinginto crime in the future. Prison officers are also tasked with such assessment. Throughthe application of the RNR model, it is possible for the prison staff to divide inmatesinto specific groups, depending on security levels and adequate treatment programmes.In that case, the assessment tools based on the RNR model not only allow a predictionof a possible relapse into crime, but also a proper allocation of convicts to rehabilitationprogrammes provided within prisons. A convict undergoes an evaluation before andafter the treatment. Such evaluations are imposed on most prisoners, so performingthem does have an impact on the financial and human resources of a given penitentiaryunit.The most important question, “What works in prison?” is answered by the majorityof scholars through propositions of providing cognitive and behavioural skill programmesto the convicts. They have clear criteria to ensure that objectives, methods andapplication of rehabilitation programmes correspond with the needs of criminaloffenders. The conclusion of the research is meant to prove that providing offenders with such treatment (based upon the RNR model) may have a positive effect on re -ducing the risk of relapse into crime in the future. However, the appropriate methodsof treatment are based not only on psychotherapy (or, sometimes, on pharmacologicaltreatment), but also on education, vocational training, personal development, strengtheningself-control mechanisms and improving interpersonal skills.
3
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Heated Tobacco as a Novelty Tobacco Product Subject to Excise Duty: A Cross-country Comparison

100%
Szwejkowska M.
Teka Komisji Prawniczej
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2022
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vol. 15
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issue 2
355-364
EN
First prototypes of tobacco heaters were developed by the largest global tobacco companies as early as the 1980s. However, the first heat-not-burn tobacco products (not resembling the prototypes) were promoted on the market with success many years later – in 2014 in Japan, then in Switzerland, and in Italy. From the beginning, these products were offered for sale with the information that they were less risky for consumers, compared to traditional tobacco products. The first definition of novel tobacco products, which included heated tobacco products (HTPs), was part of the so-called Tobacco Directive (TPD). However, HTPs are not yet a subject to TPD norms. Therefore, each Member State is free to apply the excise tax rates to HTPs. Currently, there is a discussion in the EU on harmonizing excise tax policy also with regard to heated tobacco. The article discusses the current legal status of HTPs at the level of EU law, as well as in light of legal systems of selected Member States representing a diversified approach in the field of excise policy towards this category of tobacco products.
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Prawne aspekty kary pozbawienia wolności w Polsce do 1989 roku – wybrane zagadnienia

100%
Szwejkowska M.
Teka Komisji Prawniczej
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2020
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vol. 13
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issue 1
411-425
EN
This article presents the synthetic analysis focusing on the genesis and evolution of the penalty of imprisonment in Polish penal system. The author discusses the aims of penitentiary isolation, from the early Middle Ages until 1989, but in particular, currents of penitentiary thought during the interwar period and after World War II. In the first of these periods, despite the initial difficulties associated with the integration of penitentiary systems inherited from the three partitioning powers, thoughts on prisons developed very dynamically, leading just before the outbreak of World War II to the adoption of the law regulating the organization of prison in a comprehensive and modern way. After the end of World War II, there was a decade that is characterized by instrumental use of imprisonment as a mean of brutal fight against political opponents. Then after 1956, the period of reforms had begun, resulting in, among others, the subordination of the prison system to the Ministry of Justice and the adoption of the first Polish codification of the norms of executive criminal law in 1969. During this period, the first manuals dedicated to executive criminal law were created, which currently constitute the canon of literature on this subject. Nevertheless, despite the positive phenomena associated with the development of penitentiary law (law on corrections), it should not be forgotten that in that period severe criminal repressions were available under this law and resulted in a dramatic overcrowding of prisons. This phenomenon was tried to be solved by the government by ad hoc acts of amnesty. Forced labor of prisoners was used on a massive scale to implement key investments for the state's interest. Harsh disciplinary and coercive measures were overused, and also illegal measures were applied such as the so-called “pathways of health”.
PL
Celem artykułu jest syntetyczna analiza koncentrująca się na genezie i ewolucji wykonywania w Polsce kary bezwzględnego pozbawienia wolności. Autorka omawia poglądy towarzyszące stosowaniu kar izolacyjnych, począwszy od wczesnego średniowiecza aż do 1989 r. W szczególności omówiono nurty myśli penitencjarnej w okresie dwudziestolecia międzywojennego oraz po II wojnie światowej. W pierwszym z wymienionych okresów, pomimo początkowych trudności związanych ze scaleniem systemów penitencjarnych oddziedziczonych po trzech mocarstwach zaborczych, myśl penitencjarna rozwijała się bardzo dynamicznie, doprowadzając tuż przed wybuchem II wojny światowej do przyjęcia ustawy regulującej organizację więziennictwa w kompleksowy i nowoczesny jak na owe czasy sposób, przesądzając jednocześnie progresywny model odbywania kary pozbawienia wolności, opierający się o zasadę indywidualizacji kary. Po zakończeniu II wojny światowej nastąpiła dekada, która charakteryzuje się instrumentalnym wykorzystaniem izolacji penitencjarnej jako środka brutalnej walki z przeciwnikami politycznymi. Następnie po 1956 r. rozpoczyna się okres reform, skutkujący m.in. podporządkowaniem systemu więziennego Ministerstwu Sprawiedliwości oraz przyjęciem pierwszej polskiej kodyfikacji norm prawa karnego wykonawczego w 1969 r. W tym okresie powstają pierwsze podręczniki dedykowane prawu karnemu wykonawczemu, które aktualnie stanowią kanon literatury tego przedmiotu. Niemniej pomimo pozytywnych zjawisk związanych z kształtowaniem się nauki prawa penitencjarnego nie można zapominać, że w tamtym okresie nadmiernie surowe represje karne skutkowały dramatycznym przeludnieniem zakładów karnych, z czym próbowano walczyć doraźnie stosując okresowo amnestie. Na masową skalę wykorzystywano pracę przymusową osadzonych do realizacji kluczowych dla interesu państwa inwestycji. Nadużywano kar dyscyplinarnych i środków przymusu, sięgano także po środki nielegalne takie jak tzw. ścieżki zdrowia.
5

NATIONAL JURISDICTION WITH RESPECT TO OFFENCES COMMITTED ON BOARDS OF AIRCRAFTS VS PRIVATIZATION PROCESSES IN THE CIVIL AVIATION SECTOR - SELECTED ISSUES

63%
Szwejkowska M., Milkowski K.
Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Finansów i Prawa w Bielsku-Białej
|
2017
|
issue 4
EN
The objective of this paper is to analyse the influence of ownership transformations in an airline industry, that can be observed nowadays, on the jurisdiction performed by states regarding offences committed on board of an aircraft. In the light of 1963 Tokyo Convention, each state is authorized to apply its law (broad jurisdiction) to all persons, things and activities within its territory (territorial jurisdiction), and to its citizens and legal persons wherever they are or act – including national ships and aircrafts – even if they are outside their home country (flag state competence). But are the states of registration of an aircraft really interested in exercising their jurisdiction on offences committed on board of an aircraft, if this aircraft is used by a foreign entrepreneur? Therefore, it should be noted that bilateral and multilateral agreements in the field, in particular those relating to regular air services, are of a major importance for the nationality of aircraft operators, and that the ownership of an aircraft is considered to be: indirect, alternative or parallel to the issue of the ownership of an aircraft company.
6
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Wykorzystywanie seksualne małoletniego pokrzywdzonego w rodzinie - wybrane zagadnienia kryminologiczne i penitencjarne

63%
Szwejkowska M., Załuski D.
Archiwum Kryminologii
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2014
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issue XXXVI
341-362
EN
Incest is a perennial moral taboo. The word usually denotes sexual relations between close family members, and less frequently, in-laws and adoptees. Prohibitions on engaging in these types of sexual relations can be found in every society. The family members prohibited by the criminal law from engaging in sexual relations with each other might have changed and narrowed over the centuries, but this type of deed remains proscribed by most criminal law systems. It is usually noted, however, that the small number of convictions recorded for this type of crime every year is a sign that a clear majority of perpetrators of incest and similar acts go unpunished. Where the legal provisions concerning incest fall short is in their practical ineffectiveness when it comes to preventing victimisation. A general psychological profile of this type of offender has yet to be created, as has a broader profile of the paedophile. This might be difficult because the nature of what causes sexual preference disorders (e.g. paedophilia, sadism and fetishism) has yet to be determined. The results presented in this paper are intended to reveal the character traits that distinguish offenders who incestuously exploit minors and who have been diagnosed as paraphiliacs. The average age of the offenders surveyed was 43 years. This finding accords with results of the studies presented in the international literature, viz. that people convicted of incest and other sexual offences against minors living with them in the same household are older than rapists and paedophiles whose victims do not live with them in the same household. The survey group was dominated by people with primary (including 5 who had completed “special schools” at primary level) or vocational education (most common among those convicted). A mere 7 people who could produce a diploma to prove they had finished secondary school were recorded and most of these qualifications were vocational. No one in the group had higher education. Their level of education was found to match their current occupations, i.e. trades or manual labour that did not require any special qualifications, and to bear out the fact that most of them were of average IQ. Everyone in the group had been diagnosed with one or more sexual preference disorders and for this reason they were all completing remedial programs while serving prison terms. This category of convicts was dominated by people diagnosed as repeat heterosexual paedophiles. It is also worth noting that many in the group had been diagnosed with other psychiatric disorders – especially alcohol dependence syndrome – in addition to sexual preference disorders. The victims were overwhelmingly female (59 or 85.5% of the total). Thirty six of these girls had been sexually exploited by their biological fathers. The sex of the victim would therefore appear to be of crucial importance in terms of threats from friends and relatives living in the same environment.
7
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Criminal law provisions that guarantee the food safety in Poland, including the European Union’s regulations

51%
Szwejkowska M., Truszkowski W., Zębek E.
Themis Polska Nova
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2016
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issue 1(10)
173-182
EN
Gałąź gospodarki, jaką stanowi produkcja i obrót żywnością przynosi istotny zysk ekonomiczny, ta branża wydaje się generować najwyższe przychody i być bardzo dochodowa. Z drugiej strony – oprócz zysków – przemysł żywnościowy może być źródłem zagrożenia dla ludzi, zdrowia publicznego i bezpieczeństwa powszechnego na niebywałą skalę. Stąd niezwykle ważne jest dochowywanie wysokich standardów bezpieczeństwa przez producentów i podmioty wprowadzające żywność do obrotu. Celem artykułu jest analiza rozwiązań prawnych dotyczących sankcjonowania przestępnych zachowań związanych z obrotem żywnością.
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