Iran has developed an indigenous concept of hybrid warfare known as “mosaic defence” and used for saving the allied regime in Syria. Despite Tehran’s unique regime and ideology, during the Syrian civil war Iran also demonstrated a broad spectrum of instruments for hybrid warfare: military, paramilitary, socio-cultural and religious, as well as information and cyberwarfare.
Author resume a political approach of Obama and Trump’s administrations to the important issue of using a chemical (and other illegal according the international law) weapon in Syria. Both presidents were unable to achieve a success in it. Their policy was a stable line rather than two different policies
The theory of hybrid warfare has changed profoundly the American debate about future conflicts, priorities of forces planning, military doctrines, organisation and training within the U.S. Armed Forces. It had originally been proposed in the context of a debate on the nature of future military conflicts and warfare, but the concept was initially misunderstood. Following a lengthy evolution, the current theory of hybrid conflict is much more mature and advanced, even if areas for further research still remain. It took the Pentagon a full decade to recognise this theory and accept the new terminology in strategic documents. At last, the National Military Strategy of the U.S. (July 2015) uses the term hybrid conflicts, reiterating the need to adapt to those and learn to cope with such warfare.
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