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EN
The article discusses Polish-Latin bilingualism of Polish medieval legal texts and its impact on the shaping of the official language variant. The article presents constructions that, in their own structure of court oath, include a form of set and often repeated formulas. These are: the formula of initial oath (Tako mi pomoży Bog i święty krzyż [so help me God and the holy cross]) and the comparative construction indicating the membership of a social class of the participants of the events (tako dobry jako sam [as good as himself]) or the material value (tako dobry jako [as good as]). These constructions would appear in the Polish text in Latin, both in full or shortened form, or they would be part in Polish, part in Latin. The stable form of constructions that appeared in Latin as calques due to the influence of Polish indicates that they became, as a result of the domination of the Latin template, vivid markers of the official style in medieval Polish.
XX
The article presents the results of a research which falls into a wide spectrum of cognitive sciences. Our results can give an explanation of the internal morphological and syntactical differentiation of cardinal numerals, as is observed in medieval Polish. Advances in neuropsychology have made it possible to determine the threshold of early perception of numerical values, which is the number four. This threshold can also be found in animals and children. Anthropological studies confirm that many “primitive” (illiterate) peoples do not express numbers higher than four with words, even if they can perform calculations on much greater values with the help of other means. These factors, as their nature is universal, have become the basis of the thesis which claims that the state observed in Old Polish, is a legacy of the preliterate era, when perception of numbers was still of concrete nature. It was not until the entry into the sphere of literate culture and the influence of Latin, that a change took place. The structure of utterance, different from the one known from the spoken language, and the use of ready-made patterns offered by Latin syntax, gradually led to the emergence of distinct morphosyntactic features of a new part of speach, the numeral.
EN
In the article the author puts the question, is it possible to apply the semantic model of syntax to diachronic research. In the current works on historical syntax two research directions have dominated : traditional syntax and structuralism. These methodologies only, to some extent, made it possible to describe phenomena occurring in the development of the Polish syntactic constructions. The model presented in “Gramatyka współczesnego języka polskiego. Składnia” was collated with the conception of the medieval Polish syntax proposed by Krążyńska, Mika and Słoboda. The aim of the article is to indicate those syntactic phenomena which can be employed and those elements of the semantic model which are in need of modification to become a useful tool for diachronic interpretation of linguistic facts. The text constitutes one of many comments in the discussion about the relation between diachrony and synchrony in linguistics.
PL
W artykule autorka stawia pytanie, czy jest możliwe zastosowanie modelu składni semantycznej do badań diachronicznych. W dotychczasowych opracowaniach składni historycznej dominowały dwa kierunki badawcze: składnia tradycyjna i strukturalizm. Ich metodologia tylko w pewnym zakresie pozwalała opisać zjawiska występujące w rozwoju konstrukcji syntaktycznych polszczyzny. Autorka odnosi model wypracowany przez autorów „Gramatyki współczesnego języka polskiego” do koncepcji opisu składni średniowiecznej stworzonej przez Z. Krążyńską, T. Mikę i A. Słobodę. Celem artykułu jest wskazanie tych zjawisk składniowych, w wypadku których jest to możliwe oraz tych elementów modelu, które wymagają modyfikacji, by stać się użytecznym narzędziem do interpretacji faktów językowych ujmowanych historycznie. Tekst jest kolejnym głosem w toczącej się dyskusji na temat relacji diachronia – synchronia.
PL
This article aims at providing a description of nominal groups with the cardinal number in which a fluctuation in syntactic accommodation within the relations with the remaining elements of the group, i.e. adjectives and pronouns, occurs. In a separate evaluation – on account of idiosyncratic morphological and syntactic properties – groups with the numeral dwa (two) and with numerals with the paradigms of the nominal declension of the type pięć (five) are discussed. With the instance of groups with the numeral dwa, the reason for fluctuations is not only the gradual disappearance of the dual form, but also the influence of Latin, in which this category receded very early. With numerals of the type pięć, a gradual switch from the syntax subordinate to the numeral to the syntax subordinate to the superordinate noun in the nominal group is observable. This process was effected by a change in the syntactic function of the numeral and its gradual adjectivization.
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