Full-text resources of CEJSH and other databases are now available in the new Library of Science.
Visit https://bibliotekanauki.pl

Results found: 6

first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last

Search results

help Sort By:

help Limit search:
first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last
EN
The normative definition of poaching became a part of the domestic legal order along with the implementation of the Act on the Hunting Law of 13 October 1995. Making use of the circumstance whether a given act of poaching, as a differentiating criterion, is sanctioned by criminal or criminal-administrative responsibility, permits to isolate two contexts of the term ‘poaching’. In a broad sense it will overlap with its normative definition accepted in art. 4 par. 3 of the Hunting Law, whereas poaching proper (sensu stricto) will concern only these behaviours 12 that are intended to take possession of game in the manner which is not hunting or by violating the conditions of admissibility of hunting, which – at the same time – exhaust the signs of a crime or an offence aimed at protection of animals. Among the regulations which typify acts of this kind, the basic role in fighting the hunting crime is played by art. 53 item 4 of the Hunting Law, which penalizes execution of hunting by people who do not hold relevant licences to do so. The changes that followed in consequence of the amendment of the Hunting Law in 2004 were an expression of the legislator’s wish to separate the question of being licensed to hunt from the requirement of holding relevant documents while performing it. An unintended consequence of that move has been, however, a general exclusion of penalization of hunting without relevant authorization. With reference to hunters, the charge of violation of art. 53 item 4 of the Hunting Law can concern exclusively the case of hunting performed by them despite the lack of ‘relevant’ licence. Thus, on the basis of it this can be a non-falconer who hunts with a bird of prey, or a non-selector hunting for males of the fallow-deer who can be held responsible. On the other hand, situations that are particularly vital from the point of view of threat posed to animals, ones that consist in execution of hunting by hunters who do not hold a licence issued by the tenant or administrator of the district remain outside the objective range of influence of the regulation.
EN
The purpose of this publication is the analysis of the regulation concerning the conflict situation between the interests of several accused parties who are represented by a single attorney. The right to defence is a fundamental principle of criminal proceedings. The connected relationship between the accused and their attorney is subject to extensive protection against the intervention of procedural organs. The legislation foresees the need to break these relations only in extreme cases, when the legal interests of several accused parties represented by a single attorney remain in conflict. In such event, the court issues a decision, specifying a period for the accused to hire different attorneys or appoints a different attorney ex officio. The situation when a conflict of interests is found is an exception from the fundamental principle of freedom to choose an attorney. Due to the nature of this regulation, it has to be followed strictly, and the circumstances must be analysed based on the preliminary assumption that such conflict does not exist. The need to intervene under the provisions of Article 85 § 2 of the Code of Criminal Procedure emerges only if it is established without any doubt that the defence of one of the accused would have to expose the interest of another accused to harm, which would make it practically impossible to defend several accused parties at the same time. However, if the attorney who defends several accused parties may, without detriment to the procedural interests of the accused, pursue a line of defence that does not require challenging the credibility of the explanations of any of the accused, this does not result in a conflict of interests.
PL
Celem niniejszej publikacji jest analiza regulacji dotyczącej sytuacji kolizyjnej pomiędzy interesami kilku oskarżonych, którzy korzystają z pomocy tego samego obrońcy. Prawo do obrony stanowi fundamentalną zasadę procesu karnego. W związku z tym relacja pomiędzy oskarżonym a jego obrońcą korzysta z daleko posuniętej ochrony przed ingerencją organów procesowych. Tylko w skrajnym wypadku, kiedy interesy procesowe kilku oskarżonych reprezentowanych przez tego samego obrońcę pozostają ze sobą w sprzeczności, ustawodawca przewiduje konieczność zerwania tego stosunku. W takiej sytuacji sąd wydaje postanowienie, zakreślając oskarżonym termin do ustanowienia innych obrońców, albo z urzędu wyznacza innego obrońcę. Stwierdzenie sprzeczności interesów jest wyjątkiem od fundamentalnej zasady swobody wyboru obrońcy i z uwagi na charakter tej regulacji musi być traktowane w sposób ścisły, w trakcie przyjęcia podczas badania tej okoliczności wyjściowego założenia o nieistnieniu kolizji. Konieczność ingerencji w trybie art. 85 § 2 Kodeksu postępowania karnego pojawia się tylko w wypadku kategorycznego ustalenia, że obrona jednego ze współoskarżonych musiałaby w sposób nieuchronny narażać dobro innego oskarżonego i czyniłaby jednoczesną obronę kilku oskarżonych zadaniem realnie niemożliwym. Jeśli natomiast obrońca kilku oskarżonych może bez szkody dla procesowych interesów oskarżonych realizować obronę, która w swej linii nie wymaga dyskwalifikowania wiarygodności wyjaśnień (lub ich części) któregokolwiek z tych oskarżonych, to nie skutkuje to sprzecznością interesów.
PL
Under art. 33 it. 6 of Hunting law cases of different nature are heard before a regional court. It is the subject matter of specific proceedings that is decisive in determining which procedural regulations will apply as the above provision refers to different legal relations. The first one refers to the membership in the Polish Hunting Association, which is granted in a way that allows us to recognize it as a civil law occurrence, and therefore the request before a common court for the protection of the membership may be considered a civil action. The second one is related to disciplinary liability which due to repressive nature of sanctions falls within penal liability in its broad sense. In this case, the proceedings before a common court exercised as a result of making an appeal against the decision ending disciplinary proceedings within the structures of the Polish Hunting Association constitute continuation of the disciplinary procedure. The nature of this liability calls for the court appeal control to be conducted on the basis of the same rules pertaining to the law of criminal procedure, on which disciplinary proceedings within the organization were based, and for the procedure ensuring the defendant as far-reaching proceedings security as possible to be applied.
PL
The investigation analysis consists in performing a series of ordered actions completed according to the established order and aimed at reaching the most precise and logical conclusion based on the information available. Thus, analysts’ actions focus on the study of actual and potential relationship between individual pieces of information which may be relevant for determination of a crime and its perpetrator. Their job involves processing and selecting information possessed by the procedural authority, according to specific criteria in order to present it in the form that will help recreate the chain of events and draw conclusions. Although the investigation analysis has not been mentioned in the Code of criminal procedure, one must agree that as a method of establishing evidence it should find its place in the criminal proceedings. This is because the rejection of new evidence would be nothing else but resignation of law enforcement authorities from adapting to a new situation within the scope of crime. However, we must make sure that introduction of the results of the investigation analysis into criminal proceedings does not negatively affect the principles of the proceedings, in particular with regard to a fair trial and the right to defence, and in no way does it connect with violation of the related procedural guarantees.
6
100%
PL
Wymiar sprawiedliwości w Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej sprawują Sąd Najwyższy, sądy powszechne, sądy administracyjne oraz sądy wojskowe. Swoje zadania orzecznicze sprawują poprzez sędziów orzekających w składach sądzących, kolegialnych lub jednoosobowych, tworzonych na podstawie właściwych norm prawnych. Na przestrzeni dziejów można zaobserwować przemienność w dominacji idei kolegialności orzekania oraz koncepcji jednoosobowego rozstrzygania. W Polsce od połowy lat 90. ubiegłego wieku wyraźna jest wizja profesjonalizacji orzecznictwa, która wpływa również na kwestię kolegialności składów. Zmiany w tym zakresie przyspieszyły zwłaszcza w związku z pandemią COVID-19, chociaż ustawodawca nie krył się w zasadzie z tym, że zagrożenie wirusem było raczej pretekstem, a nie przyczyną do wprowadzania zmian. Faktycznie bowiem chodziło o ułatwienie możliwości kontrolowania poszczególnych sędziów, aby zniechęcić ich do podejmowania prób sądowej weryfikacji prawidłowości nominacji osób powołanych na urząd sędziego w wadliwych procedurach, których zasiadanie w składach orzekających oznacza, że nie jest to niezawisły i bezstronny sąd ustanowiony ustawą w rozumieniu Europejskiej Konwencji Praw Człowieka. W tym aspekcie zasada kolegialności składu orzekającego oraz ściśle z nią powiązana bezwzględna tajemnica narady sędziowskiej, posiadają kluczowe znaczenie gwarancyjne, gdyż tylko razem są w stanie utworzyć pancerz, który będzie skutecznie chronił sędziego przed presją czynników politycznych, a w efekcie – ingerowaniem przez nie w sferę orzecznictwa.
EN
The judicial authority in the Republic of Poland is exercised by the Supreme Court, common, administrative and military courts, which adjudicate through judges in collective or single-member bodies formed on the basis of appropriate legal norms. Changes can be observed over the years in the predominance of the idea of collective and single-person adjudication. In Poland, since the mid-1990s, there has been a clear trend consisting in the professionalization of jurisprudence, which also affects the composition of the panel of judges. Changes in this area accelerated in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic, although the threat posed by the virus was a pretext rather than a reason for introducing them. The aim was to facilitate scrutinizing judges in order to discourage attempts at verification of the appointment process of judges, which might not be in accordance with the principles of independence and impartiality established by law within the meaning of the European Convention on Human Rights. In this context, the principle of collectiveness of the panel of judges and the related obligation of secrecy of judicial deliberations are key factors that can guarantee effective protection of individual judges from the pressure of political factors, and – in consequence – interference in the sphere of jurisprudence.
first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last
JavaScript is turned off in your web browser. Turn it on to take full advantage of this site, then refresh the page.