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VRAKUNSKÝ PALEOMEANDER A HISTORICKÁ TOPOGRAFIA MÝTNEHO PRECHODU NA ŽITNÝ OSTROV

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Pišút P., Szwarczewszki P., Smolska E., Rusinko A.
Studia Historica Nitriensia
|
2024
|
vol. 28
|
issue 2
545 - 591
EN
The Žitný Ostrov Island located in SW Slovakia is separated from the main channel by the Malý Dunaj, known as Čalov in the medieval period. The most important past fording point to the island in its upstream end was next to the village of Vrakuňa. This fording point was busy in medieval Bratislava County as early as in the 14th Century (potentially even back in the Roman period). In this study we have attempted to find out how a natural evolution of the river bend affected the existence and historical topography of this lucrative toll and ferry site over the 13th – 20th century. For this, we have studied combined historical and cartographical sources and flood records to interpret those using ArcGIS and the recent knowledge of fluvial geomorphology. Besides, earlier geological data were supplemented by our core drill at the palaeomeander bottom. Over the centuries, its evolution has gradually accelerated due to the Little Ice Age floods and, ultimately, the very morphometry of the bend. This resulted in the partial destruction of the village of Vrakuňa. Furthermore, lateral erosion clarifies why fortification structures in Vrakuňa and neighbouring Prievoz have failed to survive, notwithstanding their mention in 15th-Century charters and display on the respective villages‘ coat-of-arms. Meander was finally abandoned sometime between 1599 and 1646, possibly by an artificial cutoff. In the process, the position of toll and ferry shifted and the core of Vrakuňa with dwellings got on the right riverbank. The evolution of the local meander appears to be linked to the preceding formation of an avulsion channel called Barting. Upon its abandonment, the meander loop became an oxbow lake with stagnant water, used as a fishpond. Transformation of the alluvial lake into a swampy depression was also associated with the changing regime of groundwaters, drying of the adjacent riverscape and land-use changes. Before urbanisation, palaeomeander at Vrakuňa was a prominent fluvial landform, indicating a 17th century bankfull width of 200 – 250 m, as shown by a digital terrain model.
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