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Organizacja i działalność policji politycznej na Pomorzu w okresie sierpień 1920–kwiecień 1923

100%
Halicki K.
Zapiski Historyczne
|
2010
|
vol. 75
|
issue 3
59-88
EN
The first decisions concerning the organization of political police in Pomerania took place in the summer of 1920. On the basis of Instruction Manual for Branches of Department IV-D of August 1920 a pillar of political police was created. Department IV-D KG PP was created in Warsaw, and in the districts of Branch of Department IV-D the smallest unit constituted Agencies of Department IV-D. The institution was set up to fight espionage, communism and anti-state actions. Its existence and work were kept secret. In general matters Branches of Department IV-D were subordinated to district orders of State Police, while within the range of performed functions they received orders directly from Department IV-D in Warsaw and local administrative or court authorities. On 17 September 1920 Additional Instruction Manual to Regulations on the Organization of Investigative Bureaux and the Organization of the Main Headquarters of State Police appeared. It extended executive regulations from August 1920. The structure of Department IV-D in Warsaw, which constituted a special unit of the Main Headquarters of State Police, was defined. Officers of political police were chosen from policemen employed in investigative bodies. This pillar of the police was supposed to be elitist. Thus the most gifted policemen with the best professional education were selected to work in secret police. Matters concerning ethnic minorities were particularly important in the activity of political police. Hence, on 23 September 1922 in accordance with a directive of the Chief of Police in Warsaw, the Headquarters for German Aff airs was created in Toruń, the head of which was Mieczysław Lissowski. The headquarters included six voivodeships (the Pomeranian, Łódż, Poznań, Silesian and Warsaw viovodeships). Its main task was to collect and analyze materials and to write reports concerning the social-political situation of the German minority. Officers’ experience in working in counter-intelligence was consequent upon their past activity in services of this kind in the countries of Poland’s partitioners. Among the Pomeranian staff of political police there were officers who had been employed in Polish military and independence organizations, in investigative offices, detectives’ agencies, police or other bodies guarding public order and security. In the first years it was this group that constituted the core of secret police. Another issue which political police had to struggle with throughout all the interwar period was a shortage of full-time positions to run an effective action to trace signs of anti-state activities. In 1923 the first thorough reorganization of the political pillar of the civil security service took place. It was conducted under pressure of the state administration, which insisted on full subordination of political police in voivodeships and poviats (counties). On 26 April 1923 there appeared regulations concerning a new police formation called Słuzba Informacyjna (Information Service). On the basis of those regulations Branches of Department IV-D were converted into Information Units, which became part of public security departments of offices of the voivode. Previous Agencies of Department IV-D were assigned to the administrative offices of a powiat (county) called starostwo as Agencies of Information Department of the Voivodeship. Consequently, bodies of political police were removed from intelligence activities. The corps of Information Service consisted of officers of the former pillar IV-D.
2

Działalność policji politycznej w zwalczaniu ruchu komunistycz-nego w Grudziądzu w dwudziestoleciu międzywojennym

100%
Halicki K.
Rocznik Grudziądzki
|
2011
|
vol. 19
130-152
EN
One of the most significant tasks awaiting to be performed by the appointed State Police was combating communist movement. Apart from, what is intelligible, intensive intelligence activity of various German organisations, it was the activity of the communist party that was considered to be the most dangerous when taking into consideration the issue of internal security of Pomeranian voivodeship. As one of the State Police departments, political police was appointed to combat espionage, communism and antinational action. At first, its existence was hidden as something that might have created a negative impression both inside and outside the country. At a later time, it was openly admitted that such a police had to exist. The first information regarding organised activity of the Polish Labour Communist Party (from 1925 CPP) in territory of Pomerania go back to the years 1921-1922. The date when the Grudziądz PLCP unit came into being remains unknown. It is a well-known fact that before the parliamentary election in 1922 there appeared communist proclamations and leaflets. In 1922 a local communist reemigrant from Saxonia, Maksymilian Paweł Gołębiewski, known to police organs, spread agitation action. After eliminating mentioned cases, the action of local communists was paralysed and until October 1924 there was no major attempts recorded to build party structures. Only at the turn of 1924 and 1925 communists started intensive operations aiming at organising communist units in industrial plants. From November 1925 Grudziądz was in the possession of well-organised structures which started radiating on other cities of Pomerania. The police, administration and judiciary authorities through their activity not only neutralized the growth of the communist organisations but also aimed at their utter suppression. In order to do so, various activity forms and methods were applied, heading for neutralization of every group. The forceful control of administration authorities and the State Police effectively paralysed the actions of the Grudziądz communists. In addition, numerous arrests among the party leadership disorganised the party apparatus in many districts to such an extent that it was considered to introduce repressions towards police intelligence organs. The changing structure of the communist organisations in Grudziądz had also influence on the fact that it became more difficult for informers and investigators to be admitted into its ranks. The organised special groups of self-defence had allocated task to reveal and eliminate informers and traitors. Systematic working out of the communist units activity in Grudziądz brought a few activists to be arrested and sentenced to imprisonment in 1935. The effects of Grudziądz political police activity is to be positively rated when it comes to organizing a proper intelligence apparatus and recruitment of a few valuable informers. Owing to systematic and in general well-organised work, they succeeded in failing a few attempts to build party structures by the local communists. Taking into consideration that the Grudziądz political police were understaffed, the positive estimate of the situation is crucial. One should remember about a constant problem bothering the police, namely insufficient financial funds for their running activity and paying informers.
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